Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA3 > Infection 4 - Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Infection 4 - Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Name some PHYSICAL barriers against infectious disease:

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes (resp/GI/urinary tracts, mouth)
  • Bronchial cilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some PHYSIOLOGICAL barriers barriers against infectious disease:

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name some CHEMICAL barriers against infectious disease:

A
  • Stomach acid between pH 1-3
  • Stomach pepsin
  • Skin pH = 5.5
  • Vaginal pH = 4.4
  • IgA in tears/saliva/mucous membranes
  • Lysozymes in sebum/perspiration/urine
  • Mucous
  • Beta-defensins on skin and mucous membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pH of our skin?

A

pH = 5.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pH in the vagina?

A

pH = 4.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where in our bodies do we have normal flora?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Mouth
  • Throat
  • Skin
  • GI tract
  • Vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does our normal flora protect us against infectious disease?

A
  • They compete with pathogens for attachments sites and resources
  • They produce antimicrobial chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name some bacteria which are commonly part of our normal flora on our skin:

A
  • Staph. aureus
  • Staph. epidermis
  • Strep. pyogenes
  • Cand. albicans
  • Clost. perfringens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name some bacteria which are commonly part of our normal flora in our nasopharynx:

A
  • Strep. pneumoniae
  • Neis. meningitidis
  • Haemophilus spp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are diabetics at high risk of infection?

A

Neuropathy:

  • trauma goes unnoticed
  • urine retention

High blood glucose

  • bacteria thrive in
  • deregulates neutrophil synthesis
  • decreases complement response and leukocyte adherence

May result in acidosis, which limits immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are asplenic/hyposplenic patients at high risk of infection of encapsulated bacteria?

A

Spleen is essential for clearing encapsulated bacteria, as produces antibodies against them (IgM, IgG).
Amorphous polysaccharide coat impairs clearance without antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What bacteria should asplenic/hyposplenic patients be vaccinated against?

A
  • Strep. pneumoniae
  • Haem. influenza B
  • Neis. meningitidis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main functions of Macrophages?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation to T cells
  • Produce cytokines and chemokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the body respond to the TNF/IL-2/IL-6 released by macrophages?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Adhesion molecules stimulated
  • Bone marrow activated = neutrophil mobilisation
  • Hypothalamus stimulated to increase temperature

Liver produces:

  • CRP = release of opsonins
  • MBL = activates complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which immune cell makes up 60% of WBCs in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytose pyogenic bacteria (ie Staph. aureus/pyogenes)

17
Q

Which immune cell has a multi-lobed nucleus?

A

Neutrophils

18
Q

What are the main functions of eosinophils?

A
  • Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
  • Defence against parasites
  • Allergic reactions
19
Q

What is the main function of NK cells?

A

Induce apoptosis in all abnormal host cells

20
Q

Which immune cells can present antigens to T cells?

A
  • Macrophages/Monocytes
  • Dendritic cells
  • Langerhans cells
  • B cells
21
Q

What does PAMPs stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

22
Q

What is a Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)?

A

Pathogen Recognition Receptor, which recognises PAMPs

23
Q

Which TLR recognises the Lipopolysaccharide coat of a gram negative bacteria?

A

TLR 4

24
Q

Which TLR recognises the lipoproteins and lipoproteins of a gram negative bacteria?

A

TLR 2

25
Q

Which TLR recognises the peptidoglycan of a gram positive bacteria?

A

TLR 2

26
Q

Which TLR recognises the lipoteichoic acids of a gram positive bacteria?

A

TLR 4

27
Q

Which TLR recognises the mannose-rich glycans of all mycobacteria?

A

TLR 2

28
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial flagella?

A

TLR 5

29
Q

How is the complement cascade activated?

A

1) Binding of MBL to microbe
or
2) Initiated by endotoxins

30
Q

Which complement proteins are responsible for the first stage in the cascade; the recruitment of phagocytes?

A

C3a

C5a

31
Q

Which complement proteins are responsible for opsonising pathogens?

A

C3b

C4b

32
Q

Which complement proteins are responsible for forming the membrane attack complex, and killing pathogens?

A

C5-C9

33
Q

What are the 2 killing mechanisms used in phagocytosis?

A

1) O2 dependent = respiratory burst

2) O2 independent = lysozyme/lactoferrin/enzymes

ESA3 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions