HPHD 1 - Stress, coping, stereotypes, ageing + disability

Question 1

Describe the biomedical model:

Answer 1

• Illness caused by biological factors
• Mind + body function separately
• Treatment should be drugs/surgery
• Responsibility for treatment lies with health professionals

Question 2

Describe the biopsychosocial model:

Answer 2

• Illness caused by biological, psychological and social factors
• Treatment should take all factors into account
• Patients and health professionals take joint responsibility for treatment

Question 3

List some physiological responses to stress:

Answer 3

• Increased O2 availability (^RR)
• Increased cardiac output
• Increased blood pressure
• Sensory awareness
• Liberation of glucose
• Protein breakdown
• Insulin resistance
• Fluid conservation
• Decreased immune response
• Decreased GI function
• Decreased sexual response

Question 4

How does stress impact negatively on health?

Answer 4

• Physically = ^BP, atherosclerosis, pain, vomiting
• Mentally = extreme thoughts, lack of control/motivation, anxiety, poor judgement
• Immune response = ^ risk of colds/flu/herpes/autoimmune responses
• Unhealthy behaviours = smoking, drinking, bingeing, isolating self

Question 5

What are the 2 coping styles?

Answer 5

1) Emotion-focused coping

2) Problem-focused coping

Question 6

Distraction and denial are examples of what type of coping style?

Answer 6

Emotion-focused coping

Question 7

What are the 3 main ways to aid coping with stress?

Answer 7

1) Increase/mobilise social support
2) Increase personal control
3) Preparation for stressful events

Question 8

How can you increase a patients personal control to aid their coping with stress?

Answer 8

• CBT
• Pain management
• self-management programmes
• Involve them in care planning

Question 9

List some barriers to identifying psychological problems in patients:

Answer 9

• Symptoms attributed to illness/treatment
• Patients do not disclose symptoms - fear of stigma, judgement, poor medication
• Doctors do not ask - poor communication skills or lack of time in consultation, or ‘not their role’

Question 10

What conditions can CBT be used to treat?

Answer 10

• Anxiety
• Depression
• PTSD
• Schizophrenia
• Eating disorders
• Sexual dysfunction
• Bipolar disorder
• OCD

Question 11

Describe CBT:

Answer 11

Cognitive:

• Education
• Monitoring of thoughts/behaviours
• Challenging negative thoughts
• Rehearsal of coping strategies

Behavioural:

• Graded exposure to feared situations
• Activity scheduling
• Reinforcement

Question 12

What type of psychological treatment may be useful to someone with poor mental health due to painful previous experiences, with an interest in self-exploration?

Answer 12

Psychoanalytic/dynamic therapy

Question 13

What type of psychological treatment may be useful to someone with schizophrenia who can articulate their problems and are seeking solutions?

Answer 13

CBT

Question 14

What type of psychological treatment may be useful to someone with subclinical anxiety/depression?

Answer 14

Systemic +/- family therapy

Question 15

What are the advantages of forming stereotypes?

Answer 15

• Reduces processing time
• Allows predictability
• Avoids information overload

Question 16

Define stereotype:

Answer 16

Widely held, fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person/thing

Question 17

Define prejudice:

Answer 17

Preconcieved opinion not based on reason or experience

Question 18

Define discrimination:

Answer 18

Prejudicial treatment of different categories of people

Question 19

When are we more likely to rely on stereotypes?

Answer 19

• Under time pressure
• Fatigued
• Suffering information overload
• In unfamiliar circumstances

Question 20

How can we avoid reliance on stereotypes?

Answer 20

• Get to know members of different groups

- Reflection

Question 21

Better cognition in later life is associated with which lifestyle factors?

Answer 21

• Good education
• Good nutrition
• Not smoking
• Exercise
• Social interaction

Question 22

Describe Erikson’s life stages and their associated conflicts:

Answer 22

Young - intimacy vs isolation
Mid-Adult - generation vs stagnation
Old-Age - integrity vs despair

Question 23

What are the 3 models of successful ageing?

Answer 23

• Continuity model
• Disengagement model
• Activity model

Question 24

What is the disengagement model of ageing?

Answer 24

Most successful ageing occurs when you disengage from your previous role in younger life = accept change in social role and relationships

Question 25

What is the activity model of ageing?

Answer 25

Most successful ageing occurs when you complete engaging, fulfilling work

Question 26

What is the continuity model of ageing?

Answer 26

Most successful ageing occurs when you continue habits, preferences and relationships

Question 27

What is the difference between the medical and social models of disability?

Answer 27

Medical model = Disability due to mental or physical impairment which negatively impacts normal activity

Social model = Disability is due to the way society is organised

Question 28

Identify some barriers for people with disabilities which affect their access to healthcare:

Answer 28

• Physical access - no lift
• Sight or hearing problems - cannot communicate
• Learning disability - cannot understand information given
• Healthcare workers - patronising or unhelpful, may refuse to accommodate and alter policies
• Inappropriate facilities - toilets
• Guide dogs - not accepted