Infection 8 - Infections in Chronic Health Conditions Flashcards
What types of infections are diabetics prone to?
- ENT infections
- Rhinocerebral mucomyosis
- UTIs
- Skin + Soft Tissue infections
How does malignant/necrotising otitis externa present?
- severe ear pain
- otorrhoea
Which bacteria is usually the causative organism of malignant/necrotising otitis externa?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What type of patients are particularly at risk of developing malignant/necrotising otitis externa?
Elderly diabetic patients
What is Rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
Fungal infection of the nose and paranasal sinuses, leading to soft tissue necrosis and bony erosion
What type of patients are particularly at risk of developing Rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
Diabetics (particularly if in DKA)
Why do diabetics have a higher risk of developing UTI’s?
- Neurogenic bladder due to neuropathy = urine stasis
Which bacteria are often the causative organisms of UTIs in diabetic patients?
- Enterobacteriaceae (ie E.coli)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What types of skin and soft tissue infections are diabetics prone to developing?
- Foot ulcers
- Cellulitis
- Folliculitis
- Necrotising fasciitis
What type of bacteria usually cause folliculitis in diabetics?
Staph. aureus
What type of bacteria usually cause cellulitis in diabetics?
- Staph. aureus
- Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus
What type of bacteria usually cause foot ulcers and necrotising fasciitis in diabetics?
- Staph. aureus
- Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Other anaerobes
Why do diabetics rarely respond well to surgery?
Vascular disease impairs healing
Cystic fibrosis follows which inheritance pattern?
Autosomal recessive
Whats the most common mutation causing cystic fibrosis?
Deletion of Phenylalanine at position 508
Which molecule regulates the CFTR Cl- channel?
cAMP
Name 4 part of the body that is affected by cystic fibrosis:
1) Respiratory system - repeated inflammation + infection
2) Pancreas - blocks ducts, less enzymes released
3) Urogenital system - absence of vas deferens in men
4) GI tract - rectal prolapse, constipation, malabsorption
What bacteria most commonly cause lung infections in young children with cystic fibrosis?
- H. influenzae
- Staph. aureus
Which types of bacteria commonly cause lung infections in older children/early adults with cystic fibrosis?
- Ps. aeruginosa
- Bulkholderia cepacia
Why do cystic fibrosis sufferers have a higher mortality rate from a Ps aeruginosa infection?
- Defective ingestion of bacteria by epithelial cells
- Abnormal composition of mucous = impaired function of antimicrobial peptides
- Abnormal innate immune system
- Tend to be colonised by Mucoid Ps = worsened effects
What microorganisms typically cause infections in adults with cystic fibrosis?
- Atypical mycobacteria (not TB)
- C. albicans
- Asp. fumigatus
How can cystic fibrosis patients encourage mucous clearance to reduce infection risk?
- Chest physiotherapy
- Hypertonic saline nebuliser
- Mucolytics
- Bronchodilators
- Steroids
What type of bacteria commonly cause acute COPD exacerbations?
- H. influenzae
- M. catarrhalis
- S. pneumoniae
- Ps. aeruginosa
- E.coli
What type of viruses commonly cause acute COPD exacerbations?
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Rhinovirus
- Influenza A
- Parainfluenza
- Coronavirus
- Adenovirus
- Human metapneumovirus
