Infection 6 - Surface + Hospital-acquired Infections Flashcards
Which viruses commonly infect the skin/epithelia?
- Human papilloma virus
- Herpes simplex virus
Which bacteria commonly infect the skin/epithelia?
- Staph. aureus
- Coagulase negative staphylococci
- Cornyebacterium
- Enterobacteriaceae
Which fungi commonly infect the skin/epithelia/nails?
- C. albicans
- Dermatophytes
Which parasites commonly infect the skin/hair?
Mites
Which bacteria commonly infect the nares?
- Staph. aureus
- Corynebacterium
Which bacteria commonly infect the nasopharynx?
- Strep. pneumonia
- Haem. influenzae
- Neis. meningitidis
Which micro-organisms commonly infect the mouth?
- Cand. albicans
- Viridans streptococci
- Neisseria spp.
- Lactobacillus
- Bacteroides
What is a ‘natural surface infection’?
Infection caused by microbes which are usually part of the normal flora, but when transferred to another site, or allowed to overgrow, become pathogenic.
How does a natural surface infection of prosthetic joints occur?
Innoculation with coagulase negative staph. or S.aureus may occur during surgery
Which bacteria most commonly causes a natural surface infection of prosthetic cardiac valves?
Coagulase negative staph.
Which bacteria most commonly cause natural surface infections of pacing wires?
Coagulase negative staph.
S. aureus
What methods can be used to diagnose a surface infection?
- Throat/vaginal swab
- Blood/urine/stool tests and cultures
- Lumbar puncture cultures
- Sonication and culture of fluid
How can you treat a surface infection?
- Antibiotics
- Removal of prosthetic material
- Resection of infected material
How can you prevent a surface infection?
- Prevent colonisation/contamination
- Maintain surface integrity
- Remove colonising bacteria
What are the main 7 questions to ask someone with a travel-related infection?
1) Where did you go?
2) When did you go, and the symptoms appear?
3) What are the symptoms?
4) How did they acquire it?
5) Any unwell travel contacts?
6) Any pre-travel vaccinations/preventions?
7) Any healthcare exposure?
List some ways a patient may contract a travel-related infection:
- Food
- Water
- Swimming
- Insect bite
- Sex
- Animal contact
- Beach
Why is it important to know whether a patient with a travel-related infection has had any healthcare exposure while abroad?
May be infected with multi-resistant organisms Particularly at risk if travelled to: - S + SE Asia - C + S America - N + W + E Africa
Define Travellers diarrhoea:
Diarrhoea (loose/watery stools, 3x within 24hrs) which develops during or shortly after travel abroad.
Name some bacteria which commonly cause travellers diarrhoea:
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Camphylobacter
- E.coli
Name some viruses which commonly cause travellers diarrhoea:
- Norovirus
- Rotavirus
Name some parasites which commonly cause travellers diarrhoea:
- Giardia
- Cryptosporidium
- E. histolytica
What treatment is usually given for travellers diarrhoea?
If moderate = no treatment, just rest + fluids
If severe:
- Fluid resuscitation
- Anti-diarrhoea med = Loperamide
- Antibiotics = Ciprofloxacin
