Infection 1 - Basics Flashcards
Define Infection:
Invasion of host’s tissues by microorganisms, and subsequent disease caused by microbial multiplication, toxins, and host response
Give some infections which spread via air by droplets:
- Common cold
- Influenza
- Meningococcal disease
- Rubella
- Pertussis
- Mumps
Give some infections which spread via air by aerosol:
- Chickenpox
- Measles
- TB
Give some infections which spread via faecal-oral route:
- Camphylobacter
- Giardiasis
- Hand, Foot + Mouth
- Hepatitis A
- Viral Meningitis
- Rotavirus
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- C. albicans
- Worms
- Yersinia
- Polio
Give some infections which spread via skin/mucous membrane contact:
- Head lice
- Chickenpox
- Herpes simplex
- Conjunctivitis
- Warts
- Ringworm
- Scabies
- Impetigo
- S. aureus
Give some infections which spread via blood or other body fluid:
- HIV
- Hepatitis B/C
- Cytomegalovirus
- Glandular fever
- Diptheria
Give some examples of infections which are sexually transferred:
- Gonorrhoea
- Chlamydia
- Genital warts
- Genital herpes
- Hepatitis B
- Syphilis
- Trichomoniasis
Give some examples of infections which are spread via food/water:
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
- Botulism
- Camphylobacter
- Cholera
- Listeria
- Typhoid
- Yersinia
Give some examples of infections which are transferred during pregnancy:
- Rubella
- HIV
- Chickenpox
- Hepatitis B
Give some examples of infections which are spread via contact with animals:
- Rabies
- Toxoplasmosis
- Dengue fever
- Malaria
Give some examples of infections which are spread via contact with water/soil:
- Legionella
- Tetanus
- Amoebic meningitis
List some disease determinants of infections:
- Pathogen virulence factors
- Inoculum size of pathogens
- Antimicrobial resistance of pathogen
- Site of infection in host
- Co-morbidities of host
List some virulence factors microorganisms may have:
- Capsule
- Toxins (endo/exo)
- Siderophores
- Adherence factors
- Invasion factors
List some common symptoms which indicate a patient has an infection:
- Fever
- Chills
- Aches/pains
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Headache
- Cough
- Rash
- Inflammation
What type of capsid does Influenza A have?
Helical capsid
What type of capsid does Adenovirus have?
Icosahedral capsid
Give some non-enveloped, dsDNA viruses:
- HPV
- Adenovirus
Give some enveloped, dsDNA viruses:
- Herpes
- Hepatitis B
- Molluscum contagiosum
Name a dsRNA, non-enveloped virus:
Rotavirus
Give some +sense ssRNA non-enveloped viruses:
- Coxsackievirus
- Echovirus
- Enterovirus
- Hepatitis A/E
- Norovirus
- Picornavirus
Give some +sense ssRNA enveloped viruses:
- HIV
- Hepatitis C
- Rubella
- Encephalitis viruses
Give some -sense ssRNA enveloped viruses:
- Ebola
- Lassa
- Measles
- Mumps
- Influenza
- Respiratory syncytial virus
If a cell wall had a large proportion of peptidoglycan, would it stain purple or red using a Gram stain?
Purple = Gram positive
Is Neisseria meningitidis:
- Gram positive or negative?
- Cocci or bacilli?
Gram negative
Cocci
What is the name given to a single-celled fungus?
Yeast
What is the name given to a multi-cellular fungi?
Mould
Give some examples of fungi that can infect humans:
- Candida albicans
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Pneumocystis jiroveci/carinii
- Aspergillus spp
- Dermatophytes
What is the name given to a single celled parasite?
Protozoa
What is the name given to a multi-cellular parasite?
Helminth
Give some examples of protozoa which can infect humans:
- Giardia lamblia
- Cryptosporidium parvum
- Plasmodium falciparum/vivax/ovale/malaria
- Trypanosoma cruzi/brucei
Name the parasite which causes American Chagas disease:
Trypanosoma cruzi
Name the parasite which causes African Sleeping Sickness:
Trypanosoma bruzei
Give some examples of helminths which infect humans:
- Enterobius vermicularis (perianal/vaginal pruritis)
- Taenia saginata/solium (tapeworm)
- Schistosomiasis mansoni
Define endemic:
The usual background rate of a disease/infection within a population of geographical region
Define outbreak:
2+ cases linked in time and place
Define epidemic:
A rate of infection greater than the usual background rate
Define pandemic:
A very high rate of infection spreading across many regions/countries/continents
What is antigenic drift?
The accumulation of new antigens expressed by a virus, due to mutations over time
What is antigenic shift?
When 2 different strains of a virus (or 2 different viruses) combine to form a new subtype, with a mix of their surface antigens expressed
Define herd immunity:
When a critical portion of a population is immunised, most members of the population is protected, as little opportunity for an outbreak.
