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ESA3 > Infection 1 - Basics > Flashcards

Infection 1 - Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Infection:

A

Invasion of host’s tissues by microorganisms, and subsequent disease caused by microbial multiplication, toxins, and host response

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2
Q

Give some infections which spread via air by droplets:

A
  • Common cold
  • Influenza
  • Meningococcal disease
  • Rubella
  • Pertussis
  • Mumps
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3
Q

Give some infections which spread via air by aerosol:

A
  • Chickenpox
  • Measles
  • TB
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4
Q

Give some infections which spread via faecal-oral route:

A
  • Camphylobacter
  • Giardiasis
  • Hand, Foot + Mouth
  • Hepatitis A
  • Viral Meningitis
  • Rotavirus
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • C. albicans
  • Worms
  • Yersinia
  • Polio
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5
Q

Give some infections which spread via skin/mucous membrane contact:

A
  • Head lice
  • Chickenpox
  • Herpes simplex
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Warts
  • Ringworm
  • Scabies
  • Impetigo
  • S. aureus
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6
Q

Give some infections which spread via blood or other body fluid:

A
  • HIV
  • Hepatitis B/C
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Glandular fever
  • Diptheria
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7
Q

Give some examples of infections which are sexually transferred:

A
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Chlamydia
  • Genital warts
  • Genital herpes
  • Hepatitis B
  • Syphilis
  • Trichomoniasis
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8
Q

Give some examples of infections which are spread via food/water:

A
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
  • Botulism
  • Camphylobacter
  • Cholera
  • Listeria
  • Typhoid
  • Yersinia
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9
Q

Give some examples of infections which are transferred during pregnancy:

A
  • Rubella
  • HIV
  • Chickenpox
  • Hepatitis B
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10
Q

Give some examples of infections which are spread via contact with animals:

A
  • Rabies
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Dengue fever
  • Malaria
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11
Q

Give some examples of infections which are spread via contact with water/soil:

A
  • Legionella
  • Tetanus
  • Amoebic meningitis
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12
Q

List some disease determinants of infections:

A
  • Pathogen virulence factors
  • Inoculum size of pathogens
  • Antimicrobial resistance of pathogen
  • Site of infection in host
  • Co-morbidities of host
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13
Q

List some virulence factors microorganisms may have:

A
  • Capsule
  • Toxins (endo/exo)
  • Siderophores
  • Adherence factors
  • Invasion factors
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14
Q

List some common symptoms which indicate a patient has an infection:

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Aches/pains
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Headache
  • Cough
  • Rash
  • Inflammation
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15
Q

What type of capsid does Influenza A have?

A

Helical capsid

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16
Q

What type of capsid does Adenovirus have?

A

Icosahedral capsid

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17
Q

Give some non-enveloped, dsDNA viruses:

A
  • HPV

- Adenovirus

18
Q

Give some enveloped, dsDNA viruses:

A
  • Herpes
  • Hepatitis B
  • Molluscum contagiosum
19
Q

Name a dsRNA, non-enveloped virus:

A

Rotavirus

20
Q

Give some +sense ssRNA non-enveloped viruses:

A
  • Coxsackievirus
  • Echovirus
  • Enterovirus
  • Hepatitis A/E
  • Norovirus
  • Picornavirus
21
Q

Give some +sense ssRNA enveloped viruses:

A
  • HIV
  • Hepatitis C
  • Rubella
  • Encephalitis viruses
22
Q

Give some -sense ssRNA enveloped viruses:

A
  • Ebola
  • Lassa
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Influenza
  • Respiratory syncytial virus
23
Q

If a cell wall had a large proportion of peptidoglycan, would it stain purple or red using a Gram stain?

A

Purple = Gram positive

24
Q

Is Neisseria meningitidis:

  • Gram positive or negative?
  • Cocci or bacilli?
A

Gram negative

Cocci

25
Q

What is the name given to a single-celled fungus?

A

Yeast

26
Q

What is the name given to a multi-cellular fungi?

A

Mould

27
Q

Give some examples of fungi that can infect humans:

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci/carinii
  • Aspergillus spp
  • Dermatophytes
28
Q

What is the name given to a single celled parasite?

A

Protozoa

29
Q

What is the name given to a multi-cellular parasite?

A

Helminth

30
Q

Give some examples of protozoa which can infect humans:

A
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Plasmodium falciparum/vivax/ovale/malaria
  • Trypanosoma cruzi/brucei
31
Q

Name the parasite which causes American Chagas disease:

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

32
Q

Name the parasite which causes African Sleeping Sickness:

A

Trypanosoma bruzei

33
Q

Give some examples of helminths which infect humans:

A
  • Enterobius vermicularis (perianal/vaginal pruritis)
  • Taenia saginata/solium (tapeworm)
  • Schistosomiasis mansoni
34
Q

Define endemic:

A

The usual background rate of a disease/infection within a population of geographical region

35
Q

Define outbreak:

A

2+ cases linked in time and place

36
Q

Define epidemic:

A

A rate of infection greater than the usual background rate

37
Q

Define pandemic:

A

A very high rate of infection spreading across many regions/countries/continents

38
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

The accumulation of new antigens expressed by a virus, due to mutations over time

39
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

When 2 different strains of a virus (or 2 different viruses) combine to form a new subtype, with a mix of their surface antigens expressed

40
Q

Define herd immunity:

A

When a critical portion of a population is immunised, most members of the population is protected, as little opportunity for an outbreak.

ESA3 (48 decks)

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