GI 11 - Malignancies Flashcards
What are the 2 types of oesophageal carcinoma? Which is the most common?
- Squamous cell = most common
- Adenocarcinoma
What exposures or deficiencies are associated with squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma?
- HPV
- Tannin
- Vitamin A/Riboflavin deficiencies
What is the most common type of gastric cancer? Name the 2 subtypes of this:
Gastric adenacarcinoma:
- Diffuse type = signet ring cells
- Intestinal type = glandular structure
Where is the Oesophageal cancer belt?
Across Asia from Iraq to NW China
In which areas of the world is gastric cancer common?
- East Asia
- South America
Where does gastric adenocarcinoma metastasise to?
- Lymph nodes
- Liver
- Peritoneum
- Ovaries
Name the most common GI lymphoma:
Gastric lymphoma
Which cancer is associated with helicobacter pylori infection?
Gastric lymphoma
Which cancer may be treated with antibiotics? How?
Gastric lymphoma
- can be caused by helicobacter pylori infection
Describe the step-wise adenoma –> carcinoma sequence:
- Normal epithelia acquires APC mutation = early adenoma
- acquires KRAS mutation = intermediate adenoma
- acquires Smad 2/4 mutation = late adenoma
- acquires p53 mutation = carcinoma
= metastasis
What is the common main difference between left and right-sided colorectal adenocarcinoma?
Right-sided = fungating Left-sided = stenotic
Where are the common sites of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases?
- Peritoneum (direct invasion)
- Liver (blood)
- Lungs (blood)
Which tumour marker is released by colorectal adenocarcinoma?
CEA
Which GI tumour releases CEA? What is CEA?
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Which tumour marker is released by hepatocellular carcinoma?
AFP
