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Psychology > Research Methods Year 2 P2 > Flashcards

Research Methods Year 2 P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is nominal data?

A

data that appears in categories

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2
Q

what is ordinal data?

A

data that is ordered but the intervals between each value are unequal e.g. times in a race

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3
Q

what is interval data?

A

data that can be ordered and between each value is equal

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4
Q

what are the three parametric tests?

A

unrelated t-test, related t-test & persons

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5
Q

Draw out or imagine the inferential statistical test table.

A

.

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6
Q

define what is meant by a case study

A

involve a detailed study of one particular group or individual

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7
Q

what 2 strength of there of a case study

A
  1. detailed data is collected

2. allow in sight into situations that could not be created by researchers

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8
Q

what 2 weaknesses of there of a case study

A
  1. cannot replicate

2. impossible to generalise findings to a wider population

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9
Q

what is content analysis

A

a form of indirect observation not observing people directly, observing artefacts they have produced

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10
Q

what is an example of content analysis

A

analysing graffiti from toilet

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11
Q

what are two ways the data could be collected in content analysis

A

coding - if quantitive or by themes if qualitative

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12
Q

how is quantitive analysis carried out?

A

look on sheet

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13
Q

how is qualitative analysis carried out?

A

through thematic analysis

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14
Q

what are 2 strengths of content analysis?

A
  1. very ethical way to conduct research

2. high ecological validity as observations are based on real artefacts produced by people

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15
Q

what are 2 weaknesses of content analysis?

A
  1. possible observer bias - different observers may interpret data in different ways
  2. cultural bias - different cultures may interpret different behavioural categories differently
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16
Q

what is meant by reliability?

A

refers to whether a set of findings are consistent

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17
Q

what are 2 ways of testing reliability?

A
  1. test-retest - repeated by the same pps

2. inter-observer reliability - whether researchers get consistent and similar observations

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18
Q

how do we assess if results are similar

A

correlation - statistical test - if more than 0.8 it is considered similar

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19
Q

how can reliability be improved through experiments?

A

use standardised procedures

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20
Q

how can reliability be improved through questionnaires?

A

avoid leading and ambiguous questions

use closed questions instead of open questions

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21
Q

how can reliability be improved through interviews?

A

use sam interviewer

use structured interview

22
Q

how can reliability be improved through observations?

A

make sure behavioural categories have been operationalised & behavioural categories should cover all possible categories

23
Q

what is meant by validity?

A

whether findings from a study are genuine or accurate - whether the researcher is measuring what they’re claiming to measure

24
Q

give 2 types of validity

A
  1. internal validity - extraneous variables e.g. demand characteristics and investigator effects
  2. external validity - e.g. ecological validity or temporal validity
25
Q

what are 2 ways we could assess validity?

A
  1. face validity - experts to look at test to confirm it is measuring what it is supposed to
  2. con-current validity - comparing a test measure or scale with an already established one pps take both tests and if results have a strong correlation - high validity
26
Q

how can validity be improved through experiments?

A

standardised procedures - reduce investigator effects

27
Q

how can validity be improved through questionnaires?

A

allow pps to remain anonymous

28
Q

how can validity be improved through interviews?

A

only include questions that measure what its supposed to measure

29
Q

how can validity be improved through observations?

A

ensure behavioural categories have been operationalised and do covert observations

30
Q

how can validity be improved through case studies?

A

use several methods to collect data e.g. interviews from parents and friends, observations, diary methods

31
Q

what are the 7 features of science

A
  1. empiricism
  2. objectivity
  3. replicability
  4. falsifiability
  5. theory reconstruction
  6. hypothesis testing
  7. paradigms
32
Q

what is meant by empiricism?

A

data gathered directly through observation or experience

33
Q

what is meant by objectivity?

A

minimising all sources of bias e.g. double blind design, standardisation, random sampling

34
Q

what is meant by replicability?

A

the extent findings and procedures can be repeated - how consistent are the findings

35
Q

what is meant by falsifiability?

A

cannot be a science if it cannot be proven untrue - where the null hypothesis comes from

36
Q

what is meant by theory reconstruction?

A

theories must be open to testability - hypothesis testing

37
Q

what is meant by hypothesis testing?

A

a theory must be able to generate hypothesises where be can test them

38
Q

what is meant by paradigms?

A

a shared set of assumptions and agreed assumptions within a scientific discipline

39
Q

what is a paradigm shift?

A

a fundamental change in the belief we hold

40
Q

what is the point of the abstract in the psychological investigation report?

A

allows the reader to make a decision as to whether they want to read on or not.
overview of aims and hypothesises

41
Q

what is the point of the introduction in the psychological investigation report?

A

to show the line of logic in reaching the aims &

background research that is relevant

42
Q

what is the point of the method in the psychological investigation report?

A

step by step account of what was done and how design/pps/materials/procedure/sampling happened

43
Q

what is the point of the results in the psychological investigation report?

A

check calculations and data & descriptive tables and graphs and inferential statistics

44
Q

what is the point of the discussion in the psychological investigation report?

A

offer opportunities for other researchers critic or improve

45
Q

if asked to write a discussion what 4 paragraphs would you write?

A
  1. explanation of findings
  2. relationship to background research
  3. improvements
  4. suggestions for further research
46
Q

what is the point of the references in the psychological investigation report?

A

avoid plagiarism

47
Q

what is the point of the appendices in the psychological investigation report?

A

includes all original data and calculations

for replicability

48
Q

what is meant by a type 1 error?

A

level of significance is 0.10 - researcher has been too lenient - rejecting the null hypothesis

49
Q

what is meant by a type 2 error?

A

level of significance is too stringent at 0.01 - researcher has been too cautious

50
Q

why are histograms used?

A

to represent continuous data

51
Q

what does one tailed mean?

A

you are stating the direction of effect the result will have e.g. go up or down

52
Q

what does two tailed mean?

A

when you do not state the direction of difference

Psychology (50 decks)

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