memory - explanations for forgetting P1

Question 1

what are the two types of interference?

Answer 1

proactive and retroactive interference

Question 2

what is proactive interference?

Answer 2

where an older memory interfere with a newer one.

Eg. when learning a third new language the second language will interfere

Question 3

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 3

where a new memory interfere with a older one

Question 4

who investigated retroactive interference and how?

Answer 4

McGeoch and McDonald
three groups of pps given same list of 10 words - list A to recall when they could recall 100% they had a 10 minute interval to learn list B each group had different words. they then had to recall list A again

Question 5

what were the findings of McGeoch and McDonald research?

Answer 5

group 1 whose lists A and B had words with the same meaning 12% accurate
group 2 - B had no sense syllables 26% accurate
group 3 - B consisted of numbers 37% accurate

Question 6

what does McGeoch and McDonalds research conclude?

Answer 6

shows retroactive interference is strongest when content to be learned is very similar

Question 7

who did research about proactive interference?

Answer 7

Underwood :
uses meta analysis
ten or more lists - after 24 hours they recalled about 20% of the last list they learned —> the newest info
one list- after 24 hours they recalled 70% of what they had learned

Question 8

what does underwoods research conclude?

Answer 8

shows us how older memory interfers with newest because each list makes it more difficult to learn subsequent lists

Question 9

what is a strength about explanation for forgetting: proactive interference and retroactive interference?

Answer 9

• lots of evidence from lab experiments —> allow extraneous variables to be controlled which gives us confidence interference is an accurate explanation for forgetting

Question 10

what is a criticism about explanation for forgetting: proactive interference and retroactive interference?

Answer 10

• use lab experiments —> no ecological validity

Question 11

what is a criticism about explanation for forgetting: proactive interference and retroactive interference?

Answer 11

doesn’t state whether interference causes a memory to disappear or whether interference is just temporary

Question 12

what is a criticism about explanation for forgetting: proactive interference and retroactive interference?

Answer 12

ignores the influence of cues in forgetting —> other theories suggest that forgetting occurs because we don’t have a trigger for recall

Question 13

what is a PA about explanation for forgetting: proactive interference and retroactive interference?

Answer 13

adverts : led to strategies that may reduce interference such as showing the advert multiple times a day rather than just showing it several times throughout a week.

Question 14

what is the second explanation for forgetting?

Answer 14

retrieval failure due to absence of cues

Question 15

what does context-dependant forgetting mean?

Answer 15

occurs if the environmental variables that were present when the learning took place are absent at recall —> external cues

Question 16

what does state-dependant forgetting mean?

Answer 16

occurs in the absence of physical and psychological variables that were present during the learning —> internal cues EG . the mood of a person during learning

Question 17

who did research into the retrieval failure due to absense cues

Answer 17

investigated state dependent cues-
male students had to remember a list of words when they were drunk or sober and 24 hours later they had to recall words either sober or drunk

Question 18

what were the findings of Goodwin et als research?

Answer 18

best recall was from pps who were sober during leaning and recall

Question 19

what is a strength about explanation for forgetting: retrieval failure due to absence of cues?

Answer 19

• evidence from lab and fields experiments

Question 20

what is a criticism about explanation for forgetting: retrieval failure due to absence of cues?

Answer 20

supporting evidence has been carri d out in artificial situations where pps change their stage specifically for research

Question 21

what is a criticism about explanation for forgetting: retrieval failure due to absence of cues?

Answer 21

Baddeley
explanation is impossible to test—> cue must have been encoded at the time of learning and if it wasn’t it doesn’t lead to retrieval of a memory then it wasn’t encoded at that time of learning

Question 22

what is a PA about explanation for forgetting: retrieval failure due to absence of cues?

Answer 22

students can apply to revision —> revising in room where exam is taking

Question 23

who else did research into the retrieval failure due to absence of cues? what did they do?

Answer 23

tucking and pearl stone:

pps asked to learn 48 words in 12 categories. pps was either asked to either free recall or given categories as cues

Question 24

what were the findings of tilling and pearlstone research?

Answer 24

40% of words recalled in free recall compared to 60% in categories recall