Psychopathology P1 Flashcards
what approach is depression focused on?
the cognitive approach
what can depression be defined as?
a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest
what are some behavioural clinical characteristics of depression?
- reduced energy and tiredness
- sleep is affected
- appetite affected
- irritable
what are some emotional clinical characteristics of depression?
- sad
- empty
- hopeless
- loss of interest
- low self esteem
what are some cognitive clinical characteristics of depression?
- negative thoughts that do not reflect reality
- irrational thoughts
- poor levels of concentration and poor decision making
what are two specific examples of explaining depression?
Ellis’ ABC model and Beck’s negative triad
explain ellis ABC model as an explanation for depression.
used to explain how irrational thinking affects our emotional state and behaviour
A- activating event
B- belief
C - consequence
explain becks negative triad as an explanation for depression.
you do not need an activating event for irrational thoughts they come naturally... negative views about... the world the future yourself
where did beck (negative triad) suggest that these irrational views came from?
negative schemas
schema = a package of ideas about the world learnt through experiences
what is a strength of the cognitive approach explaining depression?
evidence to support - grozioli and terry assessed pregnant women those with irrational thinking before were more likely to suffer post natal depression
what is a weakness of exposing depression with the cognitive approach?
- can’t explain all types of depression eg. bipolar depression associated with anger.
- can’t determine cause and effect what comes first distorted thoughts or depression.
- challenges the idea that depressed people think in distorted - more realistic view of the world
what is a limitation of explaining depression with the cognitive approach?
-slightly reductionist
- ignores biology eg lower levels of serotonin cause depression & the role of experiences in life
therefore cannot offer a complete explanation of depression
what is a practical application of explaining depression with the cognitive approach?
CBT which attempts to correct irrationally negative thoughts and replace them with positive thoughts - supports idea irrational thinking is responsible for depression - 80% effective.
describe step 1 of Cognitive Behaviour Theory as a way of treating depression?
step 1 - identify where the irrational thoughts are coming from - automatic or ABC
—> called thought catching achieved through verbal discussions, homework assignments
describe step 2 of CBT as a way of treating depression?
challenge and change -
abcDE model
D - dispute - disagree
empirical disputing - WHERE is the evidence for that thought
pragmatic disputing - how is that thought helping you
logical disputing - does that thought make sense
E effects of disputing the thoughts
describe step 3 of CBT as a way of treating depression?
practise new thoughts and behaviour
eg role play
and behavioural activation
- engaging in activities they used to enjoy
what are the 4 techniques used in CBT?
thought catching
disputing thoughts
role play
behaviourist activation
what is a strength of CBT to treating depression?
research shows it’s effective 80% of pps responded well out of 327
- smith and gaza’s research meta analysis and cbt came in second out of ten - SD came first.
what is a weakness about the effectiveness of CBT?
relies on quality of therapist - 15% of variance in outcome
what is a weakness of CBT depending on it’s appropriateness?
-requires a lot of motivation and effort
difficult to talk about feelings
-alternate medication - drug therapy
-too focused on mental processes where it may be the actual lives of the clients e.g. living in poverty
What can a phobia be defined as?
Extreme or irrational fear of a specific stimulus that produces a conscious avoidance of the source of fear.
What are the behavioural clinical characteristics of phobias?
Avoidance of food object
Fainting or freezing when object is near
These behaviours interfere with other daily activities
what is an emotional clinical characteristics of phobias?
Persistent fear, anxiety, panic,
What is a cognitive clinical characteristic of phobias?
Recognition of the rational nature of the fear, selective attention to the phobic stimulus
What process can explain phobias?
The two process model by the behaviourist approach