Research methods P2 Flashcards
what does generalisability mean?
the ability to generalise from a group of people - the more control psychologists exert the less they can generalise
what does investigator effects mean?
when the experimenter unconsciously conveys to the pps how they should behave
what does ecological validity mean?
how realistic the experiment is
what does ethics mean?
moral codes of conducts so pps do not experience any negative consequences
what does demand characteristics mean?
when you change your behaviour because you know you are being tested
what does the screw you effect mean?
when the pps is aware of the experiment and go AGAINST everything the psychologist asks
what does social desirability effect mean?
the pps change their behaviour to fit in or behaviour that is favoured by others
what are the guidelines that are carried out in every psychological study?
confidentiality, distress, consent, deception, withdrawal, protection
what is the acronym that is used to remember the guidelines?
Can Do Can’t Do With Participants
how can psychologists deal with confidentiality?
participants can be referred to as numbers or letters
how can psychologists deal with consent?
everybody must receive a letter of consent which outlines aims and procedures. Only use people who have returned the letter
how can psychologists deal with distress?
ensuring pps are never exposed to anything that could harm them
how can psychologists deal with the right to withdraw?
tell them they can leave at ANYTIME at REGULAR intervals
why is deception a big issue? How could you deal with this?
likely to get demand characteristics from the pps
you can deceive pps but you have to debrief them at the end
what are 3 ways you can deal with consent?
presumptive consent- similar group of people and ask them for consent
prior general consent - get pps to sign a form with consent a long time before
retrospective consent - gaining consent at the end of the experiment
what is an independent variable?
one that’s changed and controlled by the researcher
what is the dependant variable?
the one that’s being measured
what is an extraneous variable?
any variable other than the IV that may effect the DV eg. time of day
what is a confounding variable?
a specific example of a extraneous variable that has constant impact
what are the 2 different types of hypothesises and what do they mean?
a null hypothesis- states there will be no effect
experimental
what are the 2 different types of experimental hypothesis?
directional - exact results - only used with PREVIOUS research
non-directional - states there’s a difference but not what the difference actually is - only used with no previous research
what is an example of a situational variable and how can it be controlled?
noise, heat controlled by standardisation - keeps everything the same
what is a participant variable? how is it controlled?
demand characteristics and single blind procedure
what is investigator effects controlled?
double blind procedure
what are the 5 different ways of SAMPLING methods?
random e.g. picked out of a hat
systematic - every nth member of target population
stratified- put pps in categories and randomly select
opportunity - decides on type of pps and approaches
volunteer
what are the 4 TYPES of experiments?
laboratory
field
natural
quasi
what are the strengths and weaknesses of laboratory experiments?
high control over extraneous variables - cause and effect can be determined
pps behaviour unnatural- demand characteristics more likely
what are the strengths and weaknesses of field experiments? (iv manipulated but in natural environment)
pps behaviour likely to be natural
difficult to replicate - can not compare data and cause and effect more difficult to determine