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Psychology > Research methods P2 > Flashcards

Research methods P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does generalisability mean?

A

the ability to generalise from a group of people - the more control psychologists exert the less they can generalise

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2
Q

what does investigator effects mean?

A

when the experimenter unconsciously conveys to the pps how they should behave

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3
Q

what does ecological validity mean?

A

how realistic the experiment is

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4
Q

what does ethics mean?

A

moral codes of conducts so pps do not experience any negative consequences

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5
Q

what does demand characteristics mean?

A

when you change your behaviour because you know you are being tested

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6
Q

what does the screw you effect mean?

A

when the pps is aware of the experiment and go AGAINST everything the psychologist asks

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7
Q

what does social desirability effect mean?

A

the pps change their behaviour to fit in or behaviour that is favoured by others

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8
Q

what are the guidelines that are carried out in every psychological study?

A

confidentiality, distress, consent, deception, withdrawal, protection

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9
Q

what is the acronym that is used to remember the guidelines?

A

Can Do Can’t Do With Participants

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10
Q

how can psychologists deal with confidentiality?

A

participants can be referred to as numbers or letters

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11
Q

how can psychologists deal with consent?

A

everybody must receive a letter of consent which outlines aims and procedures. Only use people who have returned the letter

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12
Q

how can psychologists deal with distress?

A

ensuring pps are never exposed to anything that could harm them

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13
Q

how can psychologists deal with the right to withdraw?

A

tell them they can leave at ANYTIME at REGULAR intervals

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14
Q

why is deception a big issue? How could you deal with this?

A

likely to get demand characteristics from the pps

you can deceive pps but you have to debrief them at the end

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15
Q

what are 3 ways you can deal with consent?

A

presumptive consent- similar group of people and ask them for consent
prior general consent - get pps to sign a form with consent a long time before
retrospective consent - gaining consent at the end of the experiment

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16
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

one that’s changed and controlled by the researcher

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17
Q

what is the dependant variable?

A

the one that’s being measured

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18
Q

what is an extraneous variable?

A

any variable other than the IV that may effect the DV eg. time of day

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19
Q

what is a confounding variable?

A

a specific example of a extraneous variable that has constant impact

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20
Q

what are the 2 different types of hypothesises and what do they mean?

A

a null hypothesis- states there will be no effect

experimental

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21
Q

what are the 2 different types of experimental hypothesis?

A

directional - exact results - only used with PREVIOUS research
non-directional - states there’s a difference but not what the difference actually is - only used with no previous research

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22
Q

what is an example of a situational variable and how can it be controlled?

A

noise, heat controlled by standardisation - keeps everything the same

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23
Q

what is a participant variable? how is it controlled?

A

demand characteristics and single blind procedure

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24
Q

what is investigator effects controlled?

A

double blind procedure

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25
Q

what are the 5 different ways of SAMPLING methods?

A

random e.g. picked out of a hat
systematic - every nth member of target population
stratified- put pps in categories and randomly select
opportunity - decides on type of pps and approaches
volunteer

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26
Q

what are the 4 TYPES of experiments?

A

laboratory
field
natural
quasi

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27
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of laboratory experiments?

A

high control over extraneous variables - cause and effect can be determined

pps behaviour unnatural- demand characteristics more likely

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28
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of field experiments? (iv manipulated but in natural environment)

A

pps behaviour likely to be natural

difficult to replicate - can not compare data and cause and effect more difficult to determine

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29
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of natural experiments?

A

behaviour will be natural

impossible to replicate - cause and effect cannot be determined as extraneous variables are not controlled in

30
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi experiments?

A

not possible to manipulate IV

only some extraneous variables controlled

31
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A

IV is not manipulated it occurs naturally - IV is a characteristic of the pps eg gender

32
Q

what are the 3 experimental DESIGNS?

A

independent groups
repeated groups
matched pairs

33
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures?

A

-no pps variables - demand characteristics

order effects - may effect performance
overcome by - counter balance A then B
B then A

34
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of independent groups?

A

reduced demand characteristics

people may be individually different - therefore randomally allocate

35
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of matched pairs?

A

avoids order effects

time consuming finding people who are similar

36
Q

what are 2 non experimental methods that are self report measures?

A

questionnaires and interviews

37
Q

explain questionnaires.

A 
standardised set of questions 
pps answer AWAY from researcher 
includes closed questions - 
generate quantitative data
open questions - generate qualitative data
38
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires?

A

can easily be repeated
time and cost effective
no interviewer effects

social desirability bias
answers may not be truthful

39
Q

what is a unstructured interview?

A

no pre prepared questions

questions asked will be dependant on what the pps replies

40
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews?

A

allows researcher to develop a rapport - data may be more valid

time consuming
difficult to compare

41
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of structured interviews?

A

easy to compare data

not flexible

42
Q

what is the main weakness of interviews?

A

investigator effects - give hints about aim of study

43
Q

what is the other type of non experimental method?

A

correlation - establishes whether there is a relationship

no iv or dv - co-variables

44
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of correlations?

A

sometimes only ethical way

never gives a cause and effect explanation therefore a third variable could change both leaving inaccurate results

45
Q

how can observations occur from eachother in 3 ways?

A

setting - naturalistic / controlled
how involved the researcher gets - non - participant / participant
level of deception - covert (dishonest) / overt (honest) pps are aware they are being observed

46
Q

what are 2 ways of taking observations?

A

time sampling - behaviour of each pps is recorded at regular intervals

event sampling - behaviour recorded everytime it happens

47
Q

what is meta analysis?

A

form of research that used secondary data - data from a large number of studies involves the same method all combined

48
Q

how do we measure central tendency?

A

mean
median
mode

49
Q

how do we measure dispersion?

A

standard deviation - average difference of scores from the mean
range

50
Q

what does a inferential statistic tell us?

A

level of change - level of significance — a margin of error we are happy to accept

51
Q

what probability is psychologists usually happy with?

A

5%

1% — medical research

52
Q

explain the sign test.

A
  1. Find the sign that occurs the least - this is called the observed value
  2. take the number of = away from the amount of pps
  3. get critical value
  4. if S is smaller than CV it is significant
53
Q

what if it is significant?

A

experimental hypothesis accepted null rejected

54
Q

when do we only carry out the sign test?

A
  • repeated measures
  • nominal data - data that can be put in categories
  • looking for a difference not a relationship
55
Q

what is peer review?

A

decides whether the psychological study gets published

56
Q

what does peer review help?

A
  • there’s no mistakes in research

- ensures poor quality work is not published

57
Q

what is the limitations of peer review?

A
  • sometimes doesn’t detect fraud
  • biased towards positive findings
  • time consuming and expensive
58
Q

how has psychological research benefitted the economy?

A
  • research into…improving memory, attachment, mental illness
59
Q

describe random sampling

A

every member of the population has a chance of being picked. eg pick names from a hat

60
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of random sampling?

A
  • no bias is possible

- may get a freak sample eg all female or male

61
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

taking every nth member of the target population

62
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of systematic sampling?

A

sample will be representative therefore results will be generalisable
not truly unbiased unless you select your starting point randomly

63
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

divide target population into categories eg age, religion then pick randomly from there

64
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of stratified sampling?

A
  • no bias -more representative

- requires detailed knowledge about target population which may not be available

65
Q

what is opportunity sampling?

A

researcher decides on the type of pps needed and approaches them until numbers are obtained

66
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling?

A
  • quick and convenient

- biased - excludes whoever the researcher is not looking for - not possible to make generalisations

67
Q

what is volunteer sampling?

A

researcher advertises for pps so they choose themselves by replying to the advert

68
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling?

A
  • easy
  • as pps volunteer themselves there is less chance of them to sabotage study or withdraw
  • biased because volunteers seem to be a certain type of people - no generalisations are able to be made
69
Q

what is meant by standard deviation?

A

the average difference of scores from the mean

70
Q

name 4 type of observations.

A
  1. controlled
  2. naturalistic - observe same behaviour just in natural environment
  3. covert pps do NOT know they are being recorded
  4. overt pps DO know they are being recorded
71
Q

what is meant by event sampling?

A

record ALL behaviour occurrences

72
Q

what is meant by time sampling?

A

record behaviour occurrences at set standard time periods

Psychology (50 decks)

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