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Psychology > Biopsychopatholgy Year 1 P2 > Flashcards

Biopsychopatholgy Year 1 P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

carries messages to and from the CNS

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2
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

connects the brain and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do?

A

controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory info to the CNS

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4
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

controls involuntary body functions

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5
Q

what 3 parts of the brain do we need to know?

A
  • the cerebrum
  • the cerebellum
  • the brain stem
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6
Q

describe the structure and functions of the cerebrum

A

-made of 4 lobes
-frontal lobes - speech and thinking
optical lobe- processes visual images

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7
Q

what is the cerebellum associated with?

A

motor kills and balance - coordinates muscles - if abnormalities occur - epilepsy and speech difficulties

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8
Q

what is the brain stem responsible for?

A

regulates autonomic functions e.g. breathing

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9
Q

what is the main function of the spinal cord?

A

transit info between brain and rest of body

reflex responses - pair of spinal nerves that branch off spinal cord and connect with different organs and muscles.

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10
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do?

A
  • consists of nerves which have motor and sensors neurons that carry sensory signals all over body
  • reflex actions (do not involve brain and CNS)
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11
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

controls bodily processes that we are not consciously aware of e.g. regulation of heart beat and digestion.
also responds to threats and initiates the stress response.

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12
Q

what two divisions does the autonomic nervous system split in to and what do they do?

A
  • sympathetic- deals with threats and brings out fight or flight stress response
  • parasympathetic - brings the rest and digest system
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13
Q

what is a neuron? how many are in the nervous system? % in the brain?

A

a nerve cell
100 billion
80%

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14
Q

what do dendrites do in the neuron?

A

picks up neurotransmitters and pushes them into the cell body, by a electrical impulse.

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15
Q

what does the cell body do in a neuron?

A

contains the nucleus - control centre of the neuron.

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16
Q

what does the axon do in the neuron?

A

carries info away from the cell body and communicate with the next neuron in the chain across the synapse.

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17
Q

what does the myelin sheath do in the neuron?

A

protects the axon because it is a fatty layer and also enables nerves impulses to travel quickly along the axon

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18
Q

sensory neurons have long…and short…? what do they do?

A

long dendrites and short axon

carry info from the PNS (sensory receptors - vision, taste) to the CNS

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19
Q

relay neurons have short…and short …? what do they do?

A

dendrites and axons

connects sensory neurons to motor neurons or other relay neutrons

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20
Q

motor neurons have short…and long…? what do they do?

A

short dendrites and long axons

connects CNS to muscles and glands

21
Q

WITHIN a neuron info is transmitted…?

A

by electrical impulse

22
Q

BETWEEN neurons info is transmitted…?

A

chemically by neurotransmitters

23
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of?

A

glands (mainly the piturity gland) that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

24
Q

what is the endocrine system controlled by?

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

what hormones are released from the pituitary gland? where is the pituitary gland?

A

ACTH - anterior section
oxytocin - posterior section
the brain

26
Q

what does the ACTH do?

A

response to stress

27
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

initiates contractions of uterus in child birth

28
Q

where re the adrenal glands located? what are its 2 parts?

A

top of the kidneys

cortex and medulla

29
Q

what does the adrenal gland - adrenal cortex release?

A

cortisol - suppresses immune system and encourages release of stored fats and sugars into bloodstream

30
Q

what does the adrenal gland - adrenal medulla release?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline - brings out fight or flight response

31
Q

what hormones are released from the ovaries and what do they do?

A
  • oestrogen - prepares uterus for pregnancy

- progesterone - post ovulation stage of menstrual cycle

32
Q

what does the testes release?

A

testosterone - sex drive and sperm production

33
Q

what triggers the fight or flight response?

A

when we experience stressful situations - physical or psychological threat

34
Q

what is the response to the fight or flight response?

A

hypothalamus activates the sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system - adrenaline is released by adrenal medulla

35
Q

what are the 4 effects of adrenaline?

A
  1. increased heart rate
  2. diverts blood awn from skin, kidneys and digestive system
  3. increases respiration and sweating
  4. increases blood to brain and skeletal muscles
36
Q

what is a limitation of the fight or flight response? 1

A

response to threat may not be either fight or flight - some people just freeze - they assess the situation and decide the best cause for action therefore doesn’t fully explain the complex cognitive processes humans have to stress

37
Q

what branch of the CNS returns the body back to normal after fight or flight?

A

parasympathetic of the autonomic nervous system, reduces our heart rate, blood pressure and rate of breathing.

38
Q

what is a limitation of the fight or flight response? 2

A

only males respond with fight or flight. women respond with respond with a tend and befriend influenced by oxytocin which increases relaxation and caring behaviour - only a partial explanation.

39
Q

what is a limitation of the fight or flight response? 3

A

show cooperation in response to stress/danger because it has allowed our species to thrive e.g. 9/11 attacks therefore fight or flight is too simplistic to fully account for complex factors that influence humans response to stress.

40
Q

describe the transmission of info WITHIN a neuron.

A

travels along neuron by electrical impulse which is based on action potential. neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside. when neuron activates it becomes positively charged allowing impulse to travel.

41
Q

describe the transmission of info BETWEEN neurons.

A
  1. electrical signal reaches the end of neuron which triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles.
  2. neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse and is picked up by post synaptic receptor on the dendrites of the next neuron.
  3. chemical message is converted into electrical
42
Q

describe the process of synaptic transmission.

A
  1. electrical impulses move along axon
  2. inside of neuron becomes positively charged to outside
  3. vesicles release neurotransmitter
  4. neurotransmitter crosses synapse
  5. neurotransmitter binds to receptor
  6. electrical impulse if other triggered or prevented from being triggered in the post synaptic neuron.
43
Q

draw and label a synaptic transmission..

A

…

44
Q

what is meant by a excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

make the post synaptic cell more lily to fire impulses e.g. dopamine

45
Q

what is meant by a inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

makes post synaptic cell less likely to fire e.g. serotonin

46
Q

what is meant by summation?

A

a receiving neuron that can receive BOTH EPSPs and IPSPs simultaneously. if the net effect on the post synaptic is inhibitor the neuron is less likely to fire and vice versa.

47
Q

draw out the divisions of the nervous system.

A

…

48
Q

label where the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem is.

A

…

Psychology (50 decks)

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