memory - multi-store model of memory and the working model of memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 key features we use to describe memory and what does each mean?

A
  • coding -> the format the memory is in e.g. visual acoustic
  • capacity -> how much storage space available
  • Duration -> how long information lasts in the memory
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2
Q

what 3 assumptions does the multi-store model of memory make about memory?

A
  • there are 3 separate stores: sensory register, short term memory and long erm memory
  • stores are unitary (cannot be divided)
  • information is transferred through rehearsal
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3
Q

can you describe the sensory register in terms of capacity, duration and coding?

A

capacity - large but most is forgotten
duration - no longer than three seconds
coding- iconic store - visual or echoic store - auditory

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4
Q

can you describe the short term memory in terms of capacity, duration and coding?

A

capacity - 5-9 items
duration - 18-30 seconds
coding - acoustically ( words that sound similar)

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5
Q

can you describe the long term memory in terms of capacity, duration and coding?

A

capacity- unlimited
duration- can last a lifetime
coding - semantically (words that mean the same)

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6
Q

what research has been done to show that memory does have separate stores?

A

case study of HM - underwent brain surgery t remove hippocampus to control epilepsy. Could no longer produce long term memories but short term was unaffected

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7
Q

what research has been done into the sensory register?

A

SPERLING - used a tachiscope which showed 12 symbols for 1/20th of a second.

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8
Q

what was the findings of spellings research into the sensory register?

A

100% for many, although if recall was delayed by a couple of seconds recall was much poorer.

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9
Q

what conclusion can you make about sperling’s research into the sensory register?

A

capacity of sensory register is large but the duration is less than one second.

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10
Q

what research has been done for the duration of the short term memory?

A

The BROWN - PETERSON technique - pps asked to recall nonsense trigrams although to prevent rehearsal pps had to count backwards and in intervals of three seconds.

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11
Q

what was the findings of the brown-peterson technique?

A

3 second interval - 80% of trigrams recalled
9 second interval - 30 % of trigrams recalled
18 second interval - 10 % of trigrams recalled

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12
Q

what conclusion can you make about the brown-peterson technique?

A

some people can retain items for up to 30 seconds - maximum duration of STM.

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13
Q

what research has been done for the capacity of the short term memory?

A

JACOBS- lists of digits or letters were presented to pps at half second intervals. Pps had to repeat list which increased one at a time until pps could no longer recall;;

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14
Q

what were the findings of Jacobs research?

A

pps digit span was 5 - 9 items

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15
Q

what research has been done for the coding of the short term memory?

A

CONRAD - pps shown letter sequences which were either acoustically similar or dissimilar

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16
Q

what were the findings of Conrad’s research?

A

pps found it harder to recall acoustically similar sounding sequences than dissimilar - STM uses an acoustic code

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17
Q

what research has been done for the duration of the long term memory?

A

BAHRICK ET AL - 392 graduates of ages between 17-74 asked them to recall names, recognition of pictures, matching pictures to names, names to pics from their yearbooks

18
Q

what were the findings of Bahrick’s et als research?

A
  • recall of names- 50% at 3 months and 20% at 40+ years

- naming pics- 70% at 3 months and 20% at 40+ years

19
Q

what conclusions can be made about Bahrick’s et als research?

A

LTM may last a lifetime but whether it can be accessed is dependant on the circumstances in which people try to remember.

20
Q

what research has been done for the coding of the long term memory?

A

BADDELEY- 70 pps split in 4 groups 1 - acoustically similar 2- acoustically dissimilar 3- semantically similar 4-semantically dissimilar

21
Q

what were the findings of Baddeleys research?

A

no difference in recall between acoustically similar and dissimilar words but difference in semantic words - LTM uses semantic code

22
Q

what is a strength about the multi store model of memory?

A

lots of supportive evidence from lab experiments - accurate and reliable claims made about the different features of STM and LTM.

23
Q

what is a criticism about the multi store model of memory?

A

some have argued STM consists of different components and each is responsible for processing different info - therefore its too simplistic to explain complex structure o memory.

24
Q

what is a criticism about the multi store model of memory?

A

too simplistic for long term memory - some argue more than one type of LTM controlled by different parts of the brain.

25
Q

what is a criticism about the multi store model of memory?

A

some argue rehearsal is not essential sometimes we remember things that have not been rehearsed and forget things that have.

26
Q

who came up with the working model memory?

A

Baddeley and hitch

27
Q

why did baddeley and hitch come up with the working model memory?

A

they believed STM was more complex than what it seemed in the multi-store model of memory.

28
Q

what 4 components does the working memory model consist of?

A

central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial scratch pad

29
Q

what is the role of the central executive in the working model memory?

A

to allocate the working memory’s specific tasks

30
Q

what is the coding and capacity of the central executive?

A

acoustic and limited

31
Q

what is the role of the phonological loop in the working model memory?

A

auditory and speech based info

32
Q

what is the coding and capacity of the phonological loops?

A

acoustic and 2 seconds

33
Q

what is the role of the visuospatial sketch pad in the working model memory?

A

visual component - shape and colour

spatial component - arraignments of objects

34
Q

what is the coding and capacity of the visuo spatial sketchpad?

A

visual and 3-4 objects

35
Q

what is the role of the episodic buffer in the working model memory?

A

combines info from other slave systems and interacts with LTM.

36
Q

what is the coding and capacity of the episodic buffer?

A

acoustic and 4 chunks of info

37
Q

what research has been done for the working model memory?

A

case study on KF who suffered brain damage which affected STM. KF struggled with dealing with sounds but was able to complete visual tasks

38
Q

what is a strength of the working model memory?

A

there is evidence to support - case study of KF shows there are different components of STM.

39
Q

what is a criticism of the working model memory?

A

brain injuries can lead to a range of cognitive difficulties - cannot generalise findings from brain damaged individuals to normal people.

40
Q

what is a criticism of the working model memory?

A

the central executive is considered most important part but very little is known about it.