Research Methods in Pharmacology Flashcards
what is the difference between in vivo and in vitro
in vivo -> living
in vitro -> in test tube
explain ex vivo
analyses performed in living tissue
define in situ
analyses typically performed after dissection
what is the main purpose of stereotaxic surgery
allows researchers to figure out the function of a specific area of the brain
what is the procedure of stereotaxic surgery
specific positioning of instruments/syringe into the brain
explain the procedure of microdialysis
-> collecting fluid from an awake animal
-> bottom of the inserted tube is porous and as the liquid gel passes the tube , by osmosis and concentration gradients, some of the chemicals will be absorbed into the tube through the pores -> lets us figure out the concentration of the chemicals that are absorbed
define chromotography
separate molecules based on size, charge and polarity
what are the 4 types of analytes
proteins, peptides. neurotransmitters and drugs
what kind of chromotography does proteins use
column
what is the most common electrophysiological recording
EEG
true or false - in vivo electrical recordings measure single neuron activity
false - it measures field activity -> large number of neurons
what is the type of recordings where they implant electrodes into a living animal
in vivo electrical recordings
true or false - intracellular recordings measure activity across a membrane of a single cell
true
what kind of electrode do they use for a whole cell
sharp electrodes
what is the difference between sending in isotopes and sending in antibodies to bind to receptors
isotopes -> see location of them
antibodies -> see the number of them
what two early techniques used radioactive isotopes to visualize drug binding
autoradiography and radioimmunoassay
what does the antibody need to have in order to the determine the location and number of cells
fluoroscent tag
define antibodies
proteins produced by the adaptive immune system
true or false - antibodies have high affinity
true
why do we inject target receptors into a species that does not naturally have them
because there will be no immune response , and we want to see if there will be a response
define immunohistochemistry
detection of proteins in the tissue
define immunocytochemistry
detection of proteins in cells cultured in vitro
what is the purpose of confocal microscopy
can see all the layers in focus at a time by allowing imaging of an optical slice of tissue
true or false - confocal microscopy uses living tissue
false - uses non living tissue
true or false - 2 photon microscopy uses living tissue
true
what does 2 photon microscopy use to image living tissue
infrared lasers
what does ELISA stand for
enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
when the drug is present but in very small quantities , what immunoassay do you use
ELISA
western blotting is a type of ….
electrophoresis
ELISA has higher _____, whereas Western blotting has higher ____
sensitivity/throughput
______ if the functional unit of biological systems
proteins
define FISH procedure
fluorescence in situ hybridization -> binds a fluorescent probe in tissue to show which cells may express that gene of interest
what is the main purpose of qPCR
identify specific transcripts from tissue homogenates
what is the difference between structural and functional techniques
structural -> reveal differences in gross anatomy
functional -> reveal changes in brain function
true or false - MRI generates structural images of non living tissue
false - in living tissue
PET uses ______ to analyze brain receptors or metabolism
positron emitting radiotracers
what is single photon emission computed tomography
uses gamma emitting radiotracers to analyze blood flow in the brain
tissue uptake of [99mTc] is proportional to ….
blood flow and activity
the more active the cell is…
the more absorbance of radioactive isotope
how is structural connectivity is established using what
DTI
effective connectivity tells us what
the direction of information flow between regions
what does DTI measure
water flow within axons
transgenic mice are commonly used to assess what
genetic contributors to disease or for determining functions of specific genes
optogenetics can be used with fibre optics to ….
alter activity involved in behavior in live, free moving animals
bacterial proteins functions as…
light gated ion channels
what are the 3 types of validities
construct , predictive and face
match the definition to the type of validity
similarity between the methods by which the models is induced
construct
match the definition to the type of validity
utility of the model to predict drug effects
predictive
match the definition to the type of validity
ability of the model to recreate key features of a disease
face validity
why do animals pose challenges fo psychopharmacology
there is no such thing as a depressed or schizophrenic mouse
what type of memory does the morris water maze test for and how do we know?
type of memory: spatial memory
Decreased time to find the target in repeated trials shows spatial memory
what does 8-arm radial maze do?
useful for measuring memory in animals since there can be many possible configuration
what does it mean when an animal spends more time investigating the novel object when presented with a new object?
it indicates that they have episodic memory
what are anxiety tests common measures of?
depression
what is an elevated plus maze and what does it test for?
it consists of two open arms and two closed arms, and it looks at which arm the mice enters which indicates novelty-seeking behaviour
what is fear conditioning?
animals presented with a signal (light) followed by an unescapable foot shock, measures the fear response to the conditioned stimulus
what is a startle response in fear conditioning
it is where a mice or animal freeze when scared
what is operant conditioning useful for?
developing models of substance abuse (operant self administration)
what are the three phase conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol?
- Pre-conditioning (habituation)-> open exploration
- Conditioning -> alternate injections of drug and vehicles in alternate chambers
- Post-conditioning (test)-> open exploration, amount of time spend in each chamber measures
