Research Methods in Pharmacology

Question 1

what is the difference between in vivo and in vitro

Answer 1

in vivo -> living
in vitro -> in test tube

Question 2

explain ex vivo

Answer 2

analyses performed in living tissue

Question 3

define in situ

Answer 3

analyses typically performed after dissection

Question 4

what is the main purpose of stereotaxic surgery

Answer 4

allows researchers to figure out the function of a specific area of the brain

Question 5

what is the procedure of stereotaxic surgery

Answer 5

specific positioning of instruments/syringe into the brain

Question 6

explain the procedure of microdialysis

Answer 6

-> collecting fluid from an awake animal
-> bottom of the inserted tube is porous and as the liquid gel passes the tube , by osmosis and concentration gradients, some of the chemicals will be absorbed into the tube through the pores -> lets us figure out the concentration of the chemicals that are absorbed

Question 7

define chromotography

Answer 7

separate molecules based on size, charge and polarity

Question 8

what are the 4 types of analytes

Answer 8

proteins, peptides. neurotransmitters and drugs

Question 9

what kind of chromotography does proteins use

Answer 9

column

Question 10

what is the most common electrophysiological recording

Answer 10

EEG

Question 11

true or false - in vivo electrical recordings measure single neuron activity

Answer 11

false - it measures field activity -> large number of neurons

Question 12

what is the type of recordings where they implant electrodes into a living animal

Answer 12

in vivo electrical recordings

Question 13

true or false - intracellular recordings measure activity across a membrane of a single cell

Answer 13

true

Question 14

what kind of electrode do they use for a whole cell

Answer 14

sharp electrodes

Question 15

what is the difference between sending in isotopes and sending in antibodies to bind to receptors

Answer 15

isotopes -> see location of them
antibodies -> see the number of them

Question 16

what two early techniques used radioactive isotopes to visualize drug binding

Answer 16

autoradiography and radioimmunoassay

Question 17

what does the antibody need to have in order to the determine the location and number of cells

Answer 17

fluoroscent tag

Question 18

define antibodies

Answer 18

proteins produced by the adaptive immune system

Question 19

true or false - antibodies have high affinity

Answer 19

true

Question 20

why do we inject target receptors into a species that does not naturally have them

Answer 20

because there will be no immune response , and we want to see if there will be a response

Question 21

define immunohistochemistry

Answer 21

detection of proteins in the tissue

Question 22

define immunocytochemistry

Answer 22

detection of proteins in cells cultured in vitro

Question 23

what is the purpose of confocal microscopy

Answer 23

can see all the layers in focus at a time by allowing imaging of an optical slice of tissue

Question 24

true or false - confocal microscopy uses living tissue

Answer 24

false - uses non living tissue

Question 25

true or false - 2 photon microscopy uses living tissue

Answer 25

true

Question 26

what does 2 photon microscopy use to image living tissue

Answer 26

infrared lasers

Question 27

what does ELISA stand for

Answer 27

enzyme linked immunosorbant assay

Question 28

when the drug is present but in very small quantities , what immunoassay do you use

Answer 28

ELISA

Question 29

western blotting is a type of ....

Answer 29

electrophoresis

Question 30

ELISA has higher _____, whereas Western blotting has higher ____

Answer 30

sensitivity/throughput

Question 31

______ if the functional unit of biological systems

Answer 31

proteins

Question 32

define FISH procedure

Answer 32

fluorescence in situ hybridization -> binds a fluorescent probe in tissue to show which cells may express that gene of interest

Question 33

what is the main purpose of qPCR

Answer 33

identify specific transcripts from tissue homogenates

Question 34

what is the difference between structural and functional techniques

Answer 34

structural -> reveal differences in gross anatomy functional -> reveal changes in brain function

Question 35

true or false - MRI generates structural images of non living tissue

Answer 35

false - in living tissue

Question 36

PET uses ______ to analyze brain receptors or metabolism

Answer 36

positron emitting radiotracers

Question 37

what is single photon emission computed tomography

Answer 37

uses gamma emitting radiotracers to analyze blood flow in the brain

Question 38

tissue uptake of [99mTc] is proportional to ....

Answer 38

blood flow and activity

Question 39

the more active the cell is...

Answer 39

the more absorbance of radioactive isotope

Question 40

how is structural connectivity is established using what

Answer 40

DTI

Question 41

effective connectivity tells us what

Answer 41

the direction of information flow between regions

Question 42

what does DTI measure

Answer 42

water flow within axons

Question 43

transgenic mice are commonly used to assess what

Answer 43

genetic contributors to disease or for determining functions of specific genes

Question 44

optogenetics can be used with fibre optics to ....

Answer 44

alter activity involved in behavior in live, free moving animals

Question 45

bacterial proteins functions as...

Answer 45

light gated ion channels

Question 46

what are the 3 types of validities

Answer 46

construct , predictive and face

Question 47

match the definition to the type of validity similarity between the methods by which the models is induced

Answer 47

construct

Question 48

match the definition to the type of validity utility of the model to predict drug effects

Answer 48

predictive

Question 49

match the definition to the type of validity ability of the model to recreate key features of a disease

Answer 49

face validity

Question 50

why do animals pose challenges fo psychopharmacology

Answer 50

there is no such thing as a depressed or schizophrenic mouse

Question 51

what type of memory does the morris water maze test for and how do we know?

Answer 51

type of memory: spatial memory Decreased time to find the target in repeated trials shows spatial memory

Question 52

what does 8-arm radial maze do?

Answer 52

useful for measuring memory in animals since there can be many possible configuration

Question 53

what does it mean when an animal spends more time investigating the novel object when presented with a new object?

Answer 53

it indicates that they have episodic memory

Question 54

what are anxiety tests common measures of?

Answer 54

depression

Question 55

what is an elevated plus maze and what does it test for?

Answer 55

it consists of two open arms and two closed arms, and it looks at which arm the mice enters which indicates novelty-seeking behaviour

Question 56

what is fear conditioning?

Answer 56

animals presented with a signal (light) followed by an unescapable foot shock, measures the fear response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 57

what is a startle response in fear conditioning

Answer 57

it is where a mice or animal freeze when scared

Question 58

what is operant conditioning useful for?

Answer 58

developing models of substance abuse (operant self administration)

Question 59

what are the three phase conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol?

Answer 59

1. Pre-conditioning (habituation)-> open exploration 2. Conditioning -> alternate injections of drug and vehicles in alternate chambers 3. Post-conditioning (test)-> open exploration, amount of time spend in each chamber measures