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PSYCH 478 > neuropeptides > Flashcards

neuropeptides Flashcards

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1
Q

true or false - there are more neuropeptides than neurotransmitters

A

true

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2
Q

neuropeptides are similar in design and function to peptide hormones in the ______ (what two systems)

A

pituitary and GI

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3
Q

polypeptide precursors are called what

A

propeptides and pre-propeptides

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4
Q

true or false - neuropeptides are bigger than proteins

A

false - they are smaller than proteins

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5
Q

where does peptide synthesis occur

A

in the cell body

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6
Q

what do pre-propeptides contain

A

a series of hydrophobic amino acids at the N-terminus

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7
Q

how is the signal sequence cleaved in pre-propeptide sequencing and what is the result of this

A

a signal peptidase -> results in an inactive propeptide

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8
Q

how are propeptides packaged for transport

A

in large dense core vesicles

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9
Q

what is the significance of POMC

A

it is a gene that produces a propeptide for melanocyte stimulating hormones, ACTH, beta endorphins, LPH and corticotropin like intermediate peptides

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10
Q

propeptide cleavage is done by what enzyme

A

synthesizing peptidase

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11
Q

what is the function of catabolic peptidases

A

cleave active peptides -> inactive
extracellular

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12
Q

catabolic peptidases are usually ______ peptidases while signalling/synthesizing peptidases are ____ peptidases

A

exo / endo

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13
Q

what is the difference in synthesis between neurotransmitter and neuropeptide

A

transmitter -> nerve terminal
peptide -> cell body

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14
Q

what is the difference in release between neurotransmitter and neuropeptide

A

transmitter -> released by synaptic vesicles by exocytosis
peptide -> released from synthetic peptidases by exocytosis

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15
Q

what is the difference in reuptake between neurotransmitter and neuropeptide

A

transmitter -> recycled at nerve terminal
peptide -> degraded

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16
Q

what is the difference in concentrations between neurotransmitter and neuropeptide

A

transmitter -> high concentrations at nerve terminal
peptide -> low concentration at nerve terminal

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17
Q

what type of receptors are neuropeptides

A

G protein coupled

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18
Q

neuropeptide release can ____ or _____ actions of primary neurotransmitters

A

strengthen or prolong

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19
Q

neuropeptides have five types of functions , what are they

A
  1. direct action
  2. autocrine
  3. juxtacrine
  4. paracrine
  5. endocrine
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20
Q

what does CART stand for

A

cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

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21
Q

what are the 5 types of neuroactive peptides and provide examples if possible

A

tahcykinin -> substance P
cholecystokinin -> CCK
CART
orexigenic peptides -> neuropeptide Y, ghrelin and orexin
oxytocin and vasopressin

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22
Q

what is one of the earliest neuroactive peptides

A

tachykinin peptides -> substance P

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23
Q

what is the function of substance P

A

causes intestinal contraction

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24
Q

tachykinin genes are Gi, Gs or Gq and what is the mechanism for this

A

Gq
PLC -> IP3and DAG -> Calcium release

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25
Q

true or false - substance P is involved in pain transmission

A

true

26
Q

review diagram on slide 5

A

i

27
Q

in terms of nociception, substance P is co released with what

A

glutamatergic sensory afferents

28
Q

what is another name for pain fibres

A

C fibres

29
Q

substance P is in what two types of clinical pain

A

neuropathic and fibrmyalgia

30
Q

in terms of Substance P, what reduces the response threshold for noxious stimuli

A

NK2 and NK3 agonists

31
Q

what is the active component of chili peppers

A

capsaicin

32
Q

capsaicin depletes ______

A

Substance P

33
Q

what is the final triggering step of the vomit reflex

A

substance P release in the CTZ

34
Q

what is Apripitant

A

NK1 substance P antagonist used as an anti emetic for chemo and post op nausea

35
Q

NK1 antagonists have what type of effects in animals

A

antidepressant effects

36
Q

what happens when NK1 is knocked out in mice and humans

A

shows decreased voluntary alcohol consumption in mice and cravings in trials of detoxified alcoholic inpatients

37
Q

NK2 antagonists have what effects in animals

A

anxiolytic and antidepressant effects

38
Q

NK3 antagonists have what effects in humans

A

antipsychotic effects

39
Q

what is the function of GI peptide hormones and its mechanism

A

triggers digestion of fat and protein -> triggers release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from gallbladder

40
Q

true or false - CCK peptides act as a hunger stimulant in response to rich foods

A

false - acts as a hunger suppressant

41
Q

CCK peptides are designated based on what

A

length in amino acids

42
Q

the CCK peptides are thought to act through which nerve

A

vagus nerve

43
Q

where are CCK receptors mainly expressed

A

CNS

44
Q

polymorphisms of CCK receptors are associated with what problems

A

panic disorder and schizophrenia

45
Q

IV administration of CCK4 leads to what

A

anxiety and panic attacks

46
Q

CCK receptor antagonists share structure and affinity with what class of drugs

A

benzodiazepines

47
Q

chronic benzodiazepine treatment does what to the responsiveness to CCK

A

decreases neural responsiveness to CCK

48
Q

during benzodiazepine withdrawal, where is the CCK density upregulated

A

hippocampus and frontal cortex

49
Q

proglumide is part of which CCK receptor family ? is it an agonist or antagonist? what is it used for

A

part of CCKa and CCKb antagonist
-> used to treat stomach ulcers

50
Q

true or false - CCK receptor antagonists produce anxiolytic effects

A

true

51
Q

what is the nocebo effect

A

expectation of symptom worsening leads to negative outcomes

52
Q

what is verbally induced nocebo hyperalgesia and what does this result in

A

increased sensitivity to pain on expectancy -> decreased pain threshold is associated with increased activation of HPA axis -> cortisol release

53
Q

what kind of treatment reduced hyperalgesia and HPA activity

A

diazepam treatment

54
Q

true or false - proglumide, a CCK receptor antagonist, blocked both hyperalgesia and HPA activity

A

false - only hyperalgesia of verbally induced nocebo

55
Q

CART alone induced what? CART co adminstration with cocaine does what?

A

alone -> induces locomotor hyperactivity
co admin -> inhibits motor hyperactivity

56
Q

CART expression is modified by what?

A

alcohol, nicotine and opiods

57
Q

CART is a exo/endogenous psychstimulant

A

endoCA

58
Q

true or false - CART is an anorexic peptide

A

true

59
Q

where is CART highly expressed

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

what is a treatment for binge eating and what does this do to CART expression

A

rimonabant -> increases CART expression

61
Q

CART signals what neurotransmitter in suppressing appetite

A

5HT

62
Q

true or false - CART stimulates the orexigenic pathways

A

false - inhibits it

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

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