Opiods Reinforcement and Dependence

Question 1

self administration increase/decrease over time

Answer 1

increase

Question 2

true or false - heroin self administration is self regulated in rats

Answer 2

true

Question 3

true or false - heroin SA is erratic and mortality is high

Answer 3

false - cocaine is

Question 4

describe the projections of the dopaminergic neurons

Answer 4

from VTA -> NAc -> ventral palladium

Question 5

dopaminergic projections provide _____________ to information passing to the ventral palladium

Answer 5

motivational salience

Question 6

when there is no reinforcing dopamine, the release of it is under what control

Answer 6

tonic inhibitory control of GABA interneurons

Question 7

dopamine release in the NAc provides negative/positive reinforcement

Answer 7

positive

Question 8

what does mu-receptor activation result in

Answer 8

disinhibition of NAc dopamine release

Question 9

in the mesolimbic pathway, what does endorphin secreting neurons do

Answer 9

provides inhibitory input to GABAergic interneurons in the VTA

Question 10

in the mesolimbic pathway, Beta-endorphins do what

Answer 10

provides inhibitory control over GABA interneurons

Question 11

opiates act at GABAergic interneuron terminals through what type of transmission

Answer 11

axoaxonal transmission

Question 12

in the mesolimbic pathway, what does dynorphin do

Answer 12

provides direct inhibitory control over dopamine neurons

Question 13

agonists at the mu and delta receptors are _________ and lead to _______ and ________

Answer 13

reinforcing ; conditioned place preference ; self administration

Question 14

agonists at the kappa receptor will induce _______________

Answer 14

conditioned place aversion

Question 15

opiates act primarily through ______ receptors to provide _________ salience

Answer 15

mu-opiod ; incentive

Question 16

dynorphins act through __________ receptors to provide ________ salience

Answer 16

kappa ; aversive

Question 17

using 6-OHDA to induce lesions in dopamine does what to self administration

Answer 17

reduces it

Question 18

_____ is more reinforcing than morphine due to _____________

Answer 18

heroin ; because it has more quick transit across the BBB

Question 19

what kind of administration is more reinforcing and why

Answer 19

IV administration is more reinforcing than IM or oral due to its more quick access to the BBB

Question 20

true or false - inhalation is not that reinforcing

Answer 20

false - it is highly reinforcing

Question 21

true or false - reinforcement by drugs of abuse is far stronger than natural reward

Answer 21

true

Question 22

opiates withdrawal leads to CNS hyper/hypo activity

Answer 22

hyper

Question 23

withdrawal symptoms can be described as _____ hyperactivity

Answer 23

rebound

Question 24

study slide 11 and know some of the actions and signs like 3-4

Answer 24

ok good

Question 25

true or false - MK801 reduces behavioral tolerance

Answer 25

true

Question 26

MK801 is what type of antagonist

Answer 26

NMDA receptor

Question 27

human behavioral tolerance contributes to the decreased effects of ____

Answer 27

opiates

Question 28

look at diagram on slide 12

Answer 28

good

Question 29

explain the physical dependence model

Answer 29

initial drug use -> repeated drug use -> physical dependence -> tries to stay abstinent -> withdrawal symptoms -> relapse

Question 30

true or false - operant conditioning plays a role in relapse

Answer 30

false - classical conditioning

Question 31

what are the 3 limitations of the physical dependence model , VERY briefly explain each one

Answer 31

1. some addictive drugs do not show dependence -> dependence can be developed without addiction
2. relapse can occur after detoxification
3. does not account for psychological contributions to relapse

Question 32

explain the positive reinforcement model

Answer 32

initial drug use -> positive reinforcement -> repeated use -> tries abstinence -> compulsive desire to experience drug induced euphoria -> relapse

Question 33

what are the limitations of positive reinforcement model

Answer 33

1. euphoric effects diminish with use
2. many people voluntarily stop using the drugs that are very reinforcing such as cocaine and heroin
3. individual differences

Question 34

what does the incentive sensitization model try to do

Answer 34

distinguish drug liking and drug wanting

Question 35

explain the incentive sensitization model

Answer 35

initial drug use -> positive reinforcement -> repeated use -> sensitization of drug wanting -> tries abstinence -> compulsive desire for the drug because of sensitization of the incentive salience -> relapse

Question 36

in the incentive sensitization model the drug liking system undergoes ______

Answer 36

tolerance

Question 37

just read slide 18, it is just confusing lol

Answer 37

go

Question 38

what are the limitations of incentive sensitization and opponent process model

Answer 38

1. both address neural mechanisms
2. both explain aspects of addictions
3. neither model talks about initial drug use
4. no incorporation of psychosocial factors in the patterns of addiction

Question 39

true or false - drug use initiation is sufficient for development of a substance use disorder

Answer 39

false - necessary but not sufficient

Question 40

the disease model of addiction removes what

Answer 40

the moral aspects of addictions

Question 41

what does the disease model of addiction say

Answer 41

proposes that drug addiction results from predisposed differences in susceptibility

Question 42

_____ is a predictive risk of substance use

Answer 42

disinhibition aka predisposition to impulsiveness or hyperactivity

Question 43

incentive sensitization provides an explanation of _____ whereas opponent process provides ______

Answer 43

drug craving ; explanation of dysphoria during withdrawal