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PSYCH 478 > Glutamate Receptors and Systems > Flashcards

Glutamate Receptors and Systems Flashcards

1
Q

of the metabotropic receptors, group 2 and 3 are inhibitory, excitatory or modulating?

A

inhibitory

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2
Q

group 1 metabotropic receptors are inhibitory, excitatory or modulating?

A

modulating

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3
Q

where are group 2 and 3 metabotropic receptors found

A

pre synaptically

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4
Q

where are group 1 metabotropic receptors found

A

post synaptically

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5
Q

mGluR1 KO shows ______

A

motor dysfunction

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6
Q

mGluR2 KO shows ____

A

normal synaptic transmission

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7
Q

mGluR4 KO shows _____

A

loss of synaptic efficiency during repetition

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8
Q

where is the mGluR2 KO expressed

A

dentate gyrus

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9
Q

what is CaMK2

A

calmodulin dependent kinase 2

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10
Q

____ is tightly coupled to Ca dependent proteins

A

NMDAR

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11
Q

what is the difference between LTD and LTP

A

LTP -> persistent increase in synaptic activity
LTD -> persistent decrease in synaptic strength after slow repetition

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12
Q

the hippocampus is involved in what

A

learning and memory

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13
Q

what is the pathway of the hippocampal slice preparations

A

PP -> DG -> CA3 -> CA1

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14
Q

how is hippocampal slices prepared

A

ex vivo

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15
Q

see slide 7 for diagram

A
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16
Q

what is the function of CaMK2

A

phosphorylates cellular targets and initiates early LTP

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17
Q

what activates CamK2

A

calcium entry through NMDAR

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18
Q

what do retrograde messengers in LTP process do

A

signal the presynaptic cell -> initiates presynaptic changes -> increase glutamate

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19
Q

what does CamK2 phosphrylate

A

AMPAR

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20
Q

activation of CamK2 and ___ converge on another kinase, ERK

A

PLC

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21
Q

what is ERK

A

triggers downstream changes -> phosphorylation and TFs

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22
Q

gene synthesis increases ____ receptors

A

AMPA

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23
Q

LTP inductions depends on ___

A

NDMAR

24
Q

what does overexpression of NMDAR lead to in mice

A

increases learning

25
Q

what is important about Doogie mouse

A

overexpresses NMDAR -> increased retention in novel recognition tasks

26
Q

excitotoxicity leads to what problems

A

ischemia, ALS, alcoholism and MS

27
Q

what is Lytigo-bodig disease

A

neurodegenerative disease that has similar symptoms to ALS and PD

28
Q

what does BMAA stand for

A

beta-methyl-amino-L-alanine

29
Q

what does Lytigo bodig disease come from

A

cycad seeds

30
Q

true or false - the cycad seeds affect the bats

A

false - they only affect humans when they eat them

31
Q

what does a mutation in ALS lead to

A

increased intracellular calcium in motor neurons -> stresses out mitochondria

32
Q

EATT2 dysfunction leads to what

A

glutamate accumulation and excitotoxicity

33
Q

describe the mechanisms of what happens in ischemia

A

loss of blood flow to CNS -> lack of oxygen and glucose -> lack of ionic gradients -> dump glutamate -> increased intracellular calcium -> failed EAAT transport

34
Q

______ is uncontrolled cell death

A

necrosis

35
Q

______ is programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

36
Q

what is an analogy for necrosis

A

a water balloon that has been filled too much and it ruptures and explodes

37
Q

in apoptosis , what is damaged

A

the mitochondria from swelling -> pores form -> cell death

38
Q

what gradient is involved in apoptosis

A

calcium influc

39
Q

what helps remove cell material in apoptosis

A

phagocytic cells

40
Q

in animal models, NMDA and AMPA antagonists can do what

A

reduce the volume of injury in ischemic stroke

41
Q

true or false - NMDA and AMPA antagonists can be injected into humans for reduction of brain injury

A

false

42
Q

look at slide 18 diagram

A
43
Q

what % of epilepsy is convulsive

A

60%

44
Q

what is the most common seizure type in children

A

febrile seizures

45
Q

epileptic seizures are dependent on ____

A

glutamatergic signalling

46
Q

_______, _____, ______ are convulsants

A

kainate, AMPA, domoic acid

47
Q

agonists or antagonists of AMPAR can prevent seizure onset , what is an example

A

antagonists -> NBQX

48
Q

agonists or antagonists of NMDAR can reduce intenisty and duration of seizures , what is an example

A

antagonists , MK801

49
Q

what are examples of glutamate receptors

A

AMPA, kainate and NMDA

50
Q

what is involved in glutamate recycling

A

glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase

51
Q

what is a drug class that is not tested against placebo

A

anticonvulsants and antiepileptic drugs

52
Q

___ % of patients are unresponsive to AED therapy

A

30

53
Q

what do AEDs target

A

Na channel activity or increase inhibitory signalling by affecting GABA

54
Q

other than AEDs what is another common technique used to treat epilepsy and what does this do for seizures

A

corpus callostomy -> decreases frequency and amplitude of seizures by disrupting bilateral synchronous signals

55
Q

what is a side effect of corpus callostomy

A

speech irregularities

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

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