Dopamine

Question 1

monoamines share a common what

Answer 1

single amine functional group

Question 2

what are the 3 catecholamines

Answer 2

epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 3

is serotonin a catecholamine, a monoamine or both

Answer 3

monoamine

Question 4

true or false - the enzymes in the formation fo dopamine are rate limiting

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what is VMAT

Answer 5

transporter that loads dopamine into vesicles

Question 6

what inhibits VMAT

Answer 6

reserpine

Question 7

reserpine causes _____ in animals and ______ in humans

Answer 7

sedation/depression

Question 8

what are the 2 pathways to making homovanillic acid

Answer 8

1. DA + MAO -> DOPAC + COMT -> HVA
2. DA + COMT -> 3-MT + MAO -> HVA

Question 9

what are the 3 things that occur when cocaine and amphetamines inhibit DAT reuptake

Answer 9

1. increases dopamine in the syanpse
2. prolong dopamine signaling
3. hyperactivity of DA circuits

Question 10

the presynaptic terminal of a dopaminergic synapse is rich in what 3 enzymes

Answer 10

TH, DOPA and decarboxylase

Question 11

is D1 family associated with excitatory or inhibitory features

Answer 11

excitatory

Question 12

Gs alpha does what

Answer 12

increases cAMP

Question 13

Gi alpha does what

Answer 13

decreases cAMP

Question 14

what kind of receptors are D1 and D2

Answer 14

G-coupled receptors

Question 15

where does dopamine synapse

Answer 15

on the neck of dendritic spines

Question 16

what are the 3 dopaminergic pathways

Answer 16

nigrostriatal, tuberoinfundibular, mesolimbic

Question 17

what are the projections of the nigrostriatal system

Answer 17

from substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area to striatum

Question 18

in the mesolimbic system, there are projections from the ventral tegmental area to what

Answer 18

limbic system and nucleus accumbens

Question 19

true or false - 6-OHDA is permeable to the BBB

Answer 19

false - it cannot cross the BBB

Question 20

what is 6-OHDA

Answer 20

a selective neurotoxin

Question 21

what are the outcomes of a bilateral nigrostriatal lesion

Answer 21

sensory neglect and motor impairment

Question 22

what are the outcomes of a unilateral lesion

Answer 22

postural asymmetry and turning

Question 23

what is MPTP

Answer 23

a neurotoxin that depletes dopamine -> parkinson symptoms

Question 24

true or false - MPTP is resisant to L-DOPA treatment

Answer 24

true

Question 25

why could there be too much D1 and D2 receptors in the basal ganglia , what is the outcome

Answer 25

when there is no dopamine to activate the receptors, they just stay there and therefore no movement can be initiated properly

Question 26

DAT knockout causes hyper or hypoactivity

Answer 26

hyperactivity

Question 27

what drug has similar effects to the DAT knockout

Answer 27

cocaine

Question 28

____ receptor knockout removes the effects of cocaine on hyperactivity

Answer 28

D1

Question 29

what are the main functions of nucleus accumbens

Answer 29

modifies awareness of information flow in addictions and psychosis

Question 30

limbic connections mediate what 3 things

Answer 30

memory, learning and affect

Question 31

hyperactivity in the mesolimib system leads to positive/negative symptoms

Answer 31

positive

Question 32

list examples of positive symptoms

Answer 32

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic motor actions

Question 33

list examples of negative symptoms

Answer 33

social deficits, cognitive deficits and avolition

Question 34

what can excess dopamine in the nucleus accumbens leads to what in patients

Answer 34

perceive voices, sounds and imagery

Question 35

in schizophrenia patients, explain the process of dopamine at the nucleus accumbens and compare to healthy people

Answer 35

in healthy people -> information important, dopamine will be sent to the NA in schizophrenia patients -> information that is not important will come through which is associated with excess dopamine at the NA

Question 36

what are the two common antipsychotics that inhibit D1 and D2

Answer 36

chlorpromazine and haloperidol

Question 37

antipsychotic efficacy is correlated with ______

Answer 37

D2 binding

Question 38

match the definition to the term inability to initiate movement

Answer 38

akinesia

Question 39

match the definition to the term inability to remain motionless

Answer 39

akathisia

Question 40

match the definition to the term fixed parkinsonism without degeneration of dopamine

Answer 40

pseduoparkinsonism

Question 41

what are some symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia

Answer 41

spontaneous lactation, sexual dysfunction and infertility

Question 42

schizophrenia patients have the highest comorbidity with which addiction , second highest?

Answer 42

first -> nicotine abuse second -> alcohol and drug abuse

Question 43

early aubstance abuse correlates with what

Answer 43

schizophrenia onset and severity

Question 44

what is a frequent reason for the first episode of psychosis

Answer 44

cannabis and amphetamine intoxication

Question 45

reduced D2/3 binding correlates with what

Answer 45

high impulsivity and addictive behavior

Question 46

true or false - impulse control is a component of executive function

Answer 46

true