Pharmacology and Pharmakinetics

Question 1

define neuropharmacology

Answer 1

study of actions of drugs on the CNS and their following effects on human behavior

Question 2

match the definition to the term

widespread alternations in physiology resulting from drug actions

Answer 2

drug effects

Question 3

match the definition to the term

molecular changes resulting from the drug binding to a receptor

Answer 3

drug actions

Question 4

if someone takes aspirin for a heart attack, and it also relieves a headache -> which is the therapeutic and which is the side effect

Answer 4

therapeutic -> get rid of heart attack symptoms

side effects -> relief of headache

Question 5

if someone takes an antidepressant to decrease depression symptoms but gets nausea everytime, what kind effect is nausea

Answer 5

adverse effect

Question 6

what is the abbreviated chemical name for benadryl

Answer 6

diphenhydramine

Question 7

what are the 3 functions of benadryl

Answer 7

antihistamine, decongestant and mild sedative

Question 8

what is the therapeutic effect of benadryl as an antihistamine/decongestant

Answer 8

it drys out the mucous membranes

Question 9

define specific effects

Answer 9

a result from biochemical interactions between drug and target receptor

Question 10

define nonspecific effects

Answer 10

a byproduct result -> may happen as a result of an individual’s state

Question 11

placebo effect is influenced by what two things

Answer 11

expectancy and conditioning

Question 12

match the definition with the term

drug effect without any drug action

Answer 12

placebo effect

Question 13

explain the experiment on ulcer patients given a placebo

Answer 13

group A -> given placebo by physician who said medication would give relief -> 70% efficacy

group B -> given placebo by a nurse who said medication would give relief -> only 25% efficacy

Question 14

define pharmacokinetics

Answer 14

factors that influence the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs in the body

Question 15

what is the acronym learned in class for the principal components of the drug

Answer 15

ADME -> absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 16

provide 3 examples of routes of administration

Answer 16

oral, inhalation and intravenous

Question 17

what is the number 1 fastest route of administration of a drug

Answer 17

intravenous

Question 18

what is the second fastest route of administration of a drug

Answer 18

inhalation

Question 19

how is inhalation fast

Answer 19

it does not need metabolism so it does not have to go through the liver -> straight from lungs to brain

Question 20

what is a disadvantage of intravenous administration

Answer 20

overdose danger and cannot be readily reversed

Question 21

what is the most convenient form of administration

Answer 21

oral

Question 22

what are the most direct ways of administration to access the CNS

Answer 22

epidural, intercranial, intracerebroventricular or intracisternal

Question 23

what is the first pass effect in oral administration

Answer 23

blood flow from stomach goes directly to the liver for detox

Question 24

define drug absorption

Answer 24

movement of drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

Question 25

what is drug absorption affected by

Answer 25

drug concentration, breakdown, solubility and ionization

Question 26

true or false - drug absorption is dependent on active transport

Answer 26

false - passive diffusion

Question 27

What are the three intrinsic properties of the drug when it comes to factors affecting absorption?

Answer 27

polarity, solubility and pKa

Question 28

True or False: the intestines are the site of most (oral) drug absorption, have a larger surface area and are faster at absorption than the stomach.

Answer 28

true

Question 29

Where is the drug concentration highest in and of which 4 organs?

Answer 29

tissues with the greatest blood flow heart, liver, brain, and kidneys

Question 30

what capillaries are highly porous allowing ready distribution of drugs (lipophilic or hydrophilic) into tissues?

Answer 30

peripheral

Question 31

which drugs does the BBB permit for passive diffusion?

Answer 31

lipophilic drugs

Question 32

passage of solutes through the BBB often occurs at?

Answer 32

specific transporters (e.g. glucose and amino acids)

Question 33

True or False: some drugs are actively removed from the ICF (intracellular fluids) by efflux transporters.

Answer 33

false, they are actively removed from the ECF (extracellular fluids)

Question 34

What 2 sites have direct access to the circulatory system and what are their functions?

Answer 34

1. chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla, allows direct detection of toxins in the blood 2. hypothalamus, allows direct access to capillaries for secretion of neurohormones and hormone-releasing factors

Question 35

what is the similar barrier to the BBB that is unique to pregnant mammals?

Answer 35

placental barrier

Question 36

What is the definition of depot binding and what are the 3 sites?

Answer 36

drug depots are inactive drug-binding sites with no measurable biological effects the 3 sites are: adipose tissue, muscle tissue, albumin

Question 37

What are the advantages of depot binding?

Answer 37

decreases circulating drug concentration and prolongs drug action-> can act as a reservoir for drug release and protects stored drug from metabolism

Question 38

Short answer: give 2 examples of the effect of depot binding on therapuetic outcome

Answer 38

1. Bound drug is not metabolized -> drugs remains in the body for prolonged action 2. Rapid binding to depots before reaching target tissue-> slower onsets and reduced effects

Question 39

which organ is primarily responsible for metabolism?

Answer 39

liver

Question 40

what does the cytochrome P450 family do?

Answer 40

oxidize majority of psychoactive drugs (opioids, antidepressents, amphetamines, nicotine)

Question 41

True or False: metabolism is a non-specific detoxification process that occurs in two distinct types or phases.

Answer 41

true

Question 42

What are the two non-specific types?

Answer 42

type I- non synthetic modification, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis type II- synthetic modification, conjugation with glucronide, sulfate, or methyl groups

Question 43

what organ does most excretion occur in?

Answer 43

kidneys

Question 44

Fill in the blank: Type 1 metabolism during first pass can produce___ metabolites of the pharmaceutical preparation of drugs.

Answer 44

active

Question 45

True or false: metabolic products are returned to circulation from the liver and can reach target sites of action or sites for excretion.

Answer 45

true

Question 46

What are the four influencing factors of metabolism?

Answer 46

enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, drug competition, individual differences

Question 47

which one of the four factors influencing metabolism is responsible for a decrease in enzyme activity? a. Individual differences b. Drug competition c. Enzyme inhibition d. Enzyme induction

Answer 47

C: enzyme inhibition

Question 48

what is the primary means of excretion?

Answer 48

filtration

Question 49

what are most drugs excreted by?

Answer 49

first-order kinetics

Question 50

what is exponential elimination?

Answer 50

constant fraction removed in a given time

Question 51

True or false: most drugs are removed by zero-order kinetics

Answer 51

false, only a few drugs are because it is at a constant rate

Question 52

by what hour will you see 98% of the drug removed from your body?

Answer 52

hour 6

Question 53

describe the effectiveness of each of these routes of administration IV, IM, SC and oral

Answer 53

IV -> maximum effectiveness but leaves the body the quickest IM -> once it reaches the blood, it is quick to leave SC -> takes longer to enter the blood but lasts longer oral -> less of the drug concentration in the blood

Question 54

true or false - blood is more like water than oil

Answer 54

true

Question 55

what happens when the drug is injected into oil

Answer 55

drug will last longer because our body is not able to metabolize it as fast

Question 56

true or false - oral administration is highly invasive

Answer 56

false - delivery to CSF is more

Question 57

what are the 3 traits of polar molecules

Answer 57

water soluble, hydrophilic, lipophobic

Question 58

what are the 3 traits of non polar molecules

Answer 58

lipid soluble, hydrophobic and lipophilic

Question 59

non polar molecules freely diffuse across ....

Answer 59

semi permeable membranes

Question 60

what are examples of semi permeable membranes

Answer 60

intestinal wall and BBB

Question 61

true or false - many orally administered drugs are strong acids or bases

Answer 61

false - weak acids or bases

Question 62

why do drugs alternate between ionized and non ionized forms

Answer 62

-> causes them to cross the BBB more slowly and makes the drug last longer -> prolonged effects and maximum concentration

Question 63

what happens to aspirin in the stomach with a pH of 2

Answer 63

it is uncharged and readily diffuses across cell membranes