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PSYCH 478 > Pharmacology and Pharmakinetics > Flashcards

Pharmacology and Pharmakinetics Flashcards

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1
Q

define neuropharmacology

A

study of actions of drugs on the CNS and their following effects on human behavior

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2
Q

match the definition to the term

widespread alternations in physiology resulting from drug actions

A

drug effects

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3
Q

match the definition to the term

molecular changes resulting from the drug binding to a receptor

A

drug actions

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4
Q

if someone takes aspirin for a heart attack, and it also relieves a headache -> which is the therapeutic and which is the side effect

A

therapeutic -> get rid of heart attack symptoms

side effects -> relief of headache

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5
Q

if someone takes an antidepressant to decrease depression symptoms but gets nausea everytime, what kind effect is nausea

A

adverse effect

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6
Q

what is the abbreviated chemical name for benadryl

A

diphenhydramine

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7
Q

what are the 3 functions of benadryl

A

antihistamine, decongestant and mild sedative

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8
Q

what is the therapeutic effect of benadryl as an antihistamine/decongestant

A

it drys out the mucous membranes

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9
Q

define specific effects

A

a result from biochemical interactions between drug and target receptor

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10
Q

define nonspecific effects

A

a byproduct result -> may happen as a result of an individual’s state

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11
Q

placebo effect is influenced by what two things

A

expectancy and conditioning

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12
Q

match the definition with the term

drug effect without any drug action

A

placebo effect

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13
Q

explain the experiment on ulcer patients given a placebo

A

group A -> given placebo by physician who said medication would give relief -> 70% efficacy

group B -> given placebo by a nurse who said medication would give relief -> only 25% efficacy

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14
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

factors that influence the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs in the body

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15
Q

what is the acronym learned in class for the principal components of the drug

A

ADME -> absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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16
Q

provide 3 examples of routes of administration

A

oral, inhalation and intravenous

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17
Q

what is the number 1 fastest route of administration of a drug

A

intravenous

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18
Q

what is the second fastest route of administration of a drug

A

inhalation

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19
Q

how is inhalation fast

A

it does not need metabolism so it does not have to go through the liver -> straight from lungs to brain

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20
Q

what is a disadvantage of intravenous administration

A

overdose danger and cannot be readily reversed

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21
Q

what is the most convenient form of administration

A

oral

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22
Q

what are the most direct ways of administration to access the CNS

A

epidural, intercranial, intracerebroventricular or intracisternal

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23
Q

what is the first pass effect in oral administration

A

blood flow from stomach goes directly to the liver for detox

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24
Q

define drug absorption

A

movement of drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

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25
Q

what is drug absorption affected by

A

drug concentration, breakdown, solubility and ionization

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26
Q

true or false - drug absorption is dependent on active transport

A

false - passive diffusion

27
Q

What are the three intrinsic properties of the drug when it comes to factors affecting absorption?

A

polarity, solubility and pKa

28
Q

True or False: the intestines are the site of most (oral) drug absorption, have a larger surface area and are faster at absorption than the stomach.

A

true

29
Q

Where is the drug concentration highest in and of which 4 organs?

A

tissues with the greatest blood flow

heart, liver, brain, and kidneys

30
Q

what capillaries are highly porous allowing ready distribution of drugs (lipophilic or hydrophilic) into tissues?

A

peripheral

31
Q

which drugs does the BBB permit for passive diffusion?

A

lipophilic drugs

32
Q

passage of solutes through the BBB often occurs at?

A

specific transporters (e.g. glucose and amino acids)

33
Q

True or False: some drugs are actively removed from the ICF (intracellular fluids) by efflux transporters.

A

false, they are actively removed from the ECF (extracellular fluids)

34
Q

What 2 sites have direct access to the circulatory system and what are their functions?

A
  1. chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla, allows direct detection of toxins in the blood
  2. hypothalamus, allows direct access to capillaries for secretion of neurohormones and hormone-releasing factors
35
Q

what is the similar barrier to the BBB that is unique to pregnant mammals?

A

placental barrier

36
Q

What is the definition of depot binding and what are the 3 sites?

A

drug depots are inactive drug-binding sites with no measurable biological effects

the 3 sites are: adipose tissue, muscle tissue, albumin

37
Q

What are the advantages of depot binding?

A

decreases circulating drug concentration and prolongs drug action-> can act as a reservoir for drug release and protects stored drug from metabolism

38
Q

Short answer: give 2 examples of the effect of depot binding on therapuetic outcome

A
  1. Bound drug is not metabolized -> drugs remains in the body for prolonged action
  2. Rapid binding to depots before reaching target tissue-> slower onsets and reduced effects
39
Q

which organ is primarily responsible for metabolism?

A

liver

40
Q

what does the cytochrome P450 family do?

A

oxidize majority of psychoactive drugs (opioids, antidepressents, amphetamines, nicotine)

41
Q

True or False: metabolism is a non-specific detoxification process that occurs in two distinct types or phases.

A

true

42
Q

What are the two non-specific types?

A

type I- non synthetic modification, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

type II- synthetic modification, conjugation with glucronide, sulfate, or methyl groups

43
Q

what organ does most excretion occur in?

A

kidneys

44
Q

Fill in the blank: Type 1 metabolism during first pass can produce___ metabolites of the pharmaceutical preparation of drugs.

A

active

45
Q

True or false: metabolic products are returned to circulation from the liver and can reach target sites of action or sites for excretion.

A

true

46
Q

What are the four influencing factors of metabolism?

A

enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, drug competition, individual differences

47
Q

which one of the four factors influencing metabolism is responsible for a decrease in enzyme activity?

a. Individual differences
b. Drug competition
c. Enzyme inhibition
d. Enzyme induction

A

C: enzyme inhibition

48
Q

what is the primary means of excretion?

A

filtration

49
Q

what are most drugs excreted by?

A

first-order kinetics

50
Q

what is exponential elimination?

A

constant fraction removed in a given time

51
Q

True or false: most drugs are removed by zero-order kinetics

A

false, only a few drugs are because it is at a constant rate

52
Q

by what hour will you see 98% of the drug removed from your body?

A

hour 6

53
Q

describe the effectiveness of each of these routes of administration

IV, IM, SC and oral

A

IV -> maximum effectiveness but leaves the body the quickest
IM -> once it reaches the blood, it is quick to leave
SC -> takes longer to enter the blood but lasts longer
oral -> less of the drug concentration in the blood

54
Q

true or false - blood is more like water than oil

A

true

55
Q

what happens when the drug is injected into oil

A

drug will last longer because our body is not able to metabolize it as fast

56
Q

true or false - oral administration is highly invasive

A

false - delivery to CSF is more

57
Q

what are the 3 traits of polar molecules

A

water soluble, hydrophilic, lipophobic

58
Q

what are the 3 traits of non polar molecules

A

lipid soluble, hydrophobic and lipophilic

59
Q

non polar molecules freely diffuse across ….

A

semi permeable membranes

60
Q

what are examples of semi permeable membranes

A

intestinal wall and BBB

61
Q

true or false - many orally administered drugs are strong acids or bases

A

false - weak acids or bases

62
Q

why do drugs alternate between ionized and non ionized forms

A

-> causes them to cross the BBB more slowly and makes the drug last longer -> prolonged effects and maximum concentration

63
Q

what happens to aspirin in the stomach with a pH of 2

A

it is uncharged and readily diffuses across cell membranes

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

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