Oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 1

where is oxytocin and vasopressin released from

Answer 1

posterior pituitary

Question 2

oxytocin is able to elicit what kind of contraction

Answer 2

uterine contraction

Question 3

vasopressin is also known as what two names

Answer 3

arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Question 4

what are the two main functions of vasopressin

Answer 4

vasoconstrictor and antidiuretic

Question 5

how does vasopressin act as a antidiuretic

Answer 5

modulates water channels in nephron -> increases water resorption

Question 6

vasopressin is a regulator of what 3 molecules

Answer 6

water, glucose and salt

Question 7

cleavage of what what type of polypeptides give rise to OXT and AVP

Answer 7

preproOXT/AVP

Question 8

prepro OXT yields ___
prepro AVP yields ___

Answer 8

neurophysin I
neurophysin II

Question 9

what do neurphysins function as

Answer 9

carrier proteins for peptide hormones

Question 10

OXT and AVP are released to what portal system

Answer 10

hypophyseal portal system

Question 11

where is OXT and AVP synthesized

Answer 11

secretory neurons

Question 12

true or false - oxytocin binds to one receptor

Answer 12

true

Question 13

true or false - OXT receptor is a Ga coupled receptor

Answer 13

false - it is a Gq coupled receptor

Question 14

what are some roles that oxytocin is involved in behavior

Answer 14

social bonding, sexual arousal, envy, bonding and feeding

Question 14

when AVP has decreased function, what happens

Answer 14

hypernatremia -> high blood sodium
polyuria -> excess urine
polydipsia -> excess thirst

Question 15

vasopressin binds to __ different receptors , where __ is expressed in the CNS

Answer 15

4 ; 2

Question 16

what are the two receptors of AVP expressed in CNS

Answer 16

Gq coupled and peripheral receptors

Question 17

oxytocinergic neurons proje ct from the ____ to the ___ and the ____

Answer 17

PVN ; forebrain ; hindbrain

Question 18

oxytocinergic neurons innervate what 4 areas

Answer 18

amygdal, hippocampus , NAc and VTA

Question 19

what does en passant mean -> and why did we talk about this in regards to oxytocin

Answer 19

along the length of axons -> OXT is released from synapses at axon terminals en passant

Question 20

what animal did we talk about that showed interesting patterns of social behavior and what are these

Answer 20

voles of the genus microtus -> form life long monogamous bonds, share huddles, grooming.

Question 21

which animal shows contrary social behaviors to the microtus voles

Answer 21

montane or meadow voles

Question 22

how can social behaviors measured

Answer 22

using partner preference

Question 23

OXTR binding capacity correlates with what

Answer 23

social behavior

Question 24

maternal care is associated with increased ___ function

Answer 24

OXT

Question 25

how does early childhood and adult neglect affect OXT levels

Answer 25

decreased OXT levels in urine and in women with history of child abuse have decreased OXT in CSF

Question 26

human parents and infants with high _______ have increased OXT levels in saliva

Answer 26

parent infant synchrony

Question 27

female offspring of low-licking/grooming rats show _____ where as male offspring of low licking/grooming rats show ____

Answer 27

earlier sexual receptivity ; increased dominant play-fighting

Question 28

early social deprivation leads to what

Answer 28

impaired maternal care, increased aggression, impaired social recognition

Question 29

true or false - the prarie voles had more oxytocin in the NAcc than montane

Answer 29

true

Question 30

OXT and OXTR knockouts can produce what two social deficits

Answer 30

decreased social memory and decreased isolation anxiety

Question 31

social behaviors can be restored in knockout OXT mice by doing what

Answer 31

intracerebrovascular injection of OXT before initial social exposure

Question 32

what are the deficits of knockout OXT mice in association with ASD

Answer 32

persistence deficits in social communication and repetitive/restricted patterns of behavior (fixated interests, inflexible adherence to routines)

Question 33

IV oxytocin is used to what

Answer 33

induce uterine contractions for labor

Question 34

true or false - intranasal OXT cannot bypass the BBB

Answer 34

false - it can so it can prolong the bioavailability of the drug

Question 35

true or false - intranasal OXT is psychoactive

Answer 35

true

Question 36

what kind of administration improves social function is autism and schizophrenia and how

Answer 36

intransal OXT -> increases gaze fixing, improves social recognition and affective speech

Question 37

in fMRI studies, intranasal OXT shows decreased activation in ____ which leads to

Answer 37

amygdala ; decreased emotional processing

Question 38

how does intranasal OXT affect trust games

Answer 38

increased subjects ratings of trustworthiness and gave more money to trustworthy people

Question 39

true or false - intranasal OXT increases disclosure of emotional events

Answer 39

true

Question 40

OXT administration into CSF of male rates caused ____

Answer 40

spontaneous erection

Question 41

which areas are active during an orgasm

Answer 41

OXT-rich areas such as PVN

Question 41

in prarie voles, __ is released in females during mating whereas __ is released in males

Answer 41

OXT ; AVP

Question 42

true or false - vasopressin is known as the love hormone

Answer 42

false - oxytocin

Question 43

explain the stop distance experiment and the results

Answer 43

male volunteers are placed into an encounter with attractive females -> distance varied until subject reaches ideal distance results -> the people in a relationship and OXT administration had a greater gap than people who were single and had OXT -> fidelity??

Question 44

most measurements of OXT in studies use ______ levels

Answer 44

peripheral