Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 478 > Acetylcholine Receptors > Flashcards

Acetylcholine Receptors Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Where does cholinergic neurotransmission occur?

A
  • neuromuscular junctions
  • CNS
  • autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: cholinergic neurotransmission occurs at…
- ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
- preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic branch

A

FALSE:
- preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branch
- ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released in the parasympathetic branch, and in what order?

A

CNS (preganglionic neuron) –> ACh –> parasympathetic ganglion –> ACh –> target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released in the sympathetic branch, and in what order?

A

CNS (preganglionic neuron) –> ACh –> sympathetic ganglion –> NOREPINEPHRINE –> target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: both preganglionic and ganglionic neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems release ACh

A

FALSE: sympathetic ganglionic neurons release norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Agonists of muscarinic receptors are ______________.

A

parasympathomimetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antagonists of muscarinic receptors are __________________.

A

parasympatholytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is meant by parasympathomimetic?

A

drugs that mimic effects of activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by parasympatholytic?

A

drugs that inhibit parasympathetic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the striatum involved in?

A

motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the dorsolateral pons involved in?

A

arousal and addictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) involved in?

A

learning, memory, and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are cholinergic neurons located in the BFCS?

A
  • medial septum
  • diagonal band nuclei
  • nucleus basalis
  • substantia innominate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the BFCS project to?

A

cortex, hippocampus, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is loss of BFCS cholinergic neurons associated with?

A

cognitive decline in AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of drug is atropine? Which receptor does it affect? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

A
  • plant alkyloid found in the nightshade plant
  • antagonist of the muscarinic ACh receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is atropine administered?

A

opthalamologically to dilate pupils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: atropine dilates the pupils

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: atropine is a parasympathomimetic

A

FALSE: parasympatholytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TRUR or FALSE: atropine is BBB permeable

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What occurs in animals when atropine is orally administered?

A

inhibit cognition (acquisition and maintenance of learning tasks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does atropine affect cognition in humans?

A

amnesiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which drug is closely related to atropine and has an amnesiac effect in humans?

A

scopolamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which drug combination was often administered during labour in the early-mid 20th CE?

A

scopolamine and morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ACh thought to be important for ______________ due to innervation of the hippocampus.

A

memory consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: using microdialysis, researchers showed that ACh levels decreased during tasks requiring sustained attention.

A

FALSE: ACh levels increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

using microdialysis, researchers showed that ACh levels increased during tasks requiring ________________.

A

sustained attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an operant control task?

A

reward task (e.g. lever press for food reward)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a F19-s schedule of reinforcement?

A

operant reward task with a predictable delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is saporin? Is it water soluble?

A
  • protein toxin isolated from soapwort plant
  • water soluble toxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of saporin?

A
  • highly specific inhibitor of ribosome function (ribosome inactivating protein - RIP)
  • can be conjugated to antibodies to target specific cell types (investigated as anti-cancer agent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is 192-IGG saporin? What does it target?

A

conjugated to an antibody that targets basal forebrain cholinergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the result of administering 192-IGG saporin to the ventricular system?

A

targeting of BFCS neurons neurons and SELECTIVE LESION of only the CHOLINERGIC NEURONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does lesion to the BFCS lead to?

A

deficits in learning, memory (spatial), and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In sustained attention tasks animals lesioned with 192 IgG-saporin had a _____ number of correct hits when the signal strength was weak, suggesting ________________.

A
  • lower
  • deficits in attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cholinergic projections from which brain structure are active while awake?

A

pons (pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how do cholinergic projections from the pons affect sleep?

A

trigger the transition to REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Besides cholinergic projections from the pons, what else is also involved in increasing attention?

A

reticular activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cholinergic neurons originating in the dorsolateral pons innervate the ______________

A

ventral tegmental area

40
Q

cholinergic neurons originating in the _____________ innervate the ventral tegmental area

A

dorsolateral pons

41
Q

ACh stimulates ___________ neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens

A

dopaminergic

42
Q

__________ activates nicotonic ACh receptors to directly activate __________. neurons in the VTA.

A

nicotine, dopaminergic

43
Q

What are the 2 families of cholinergic receptors found in mammals?

A
  • nicotinic receptors (NAChR)
  • muscarinic receptors (MAChR)
44
Q

How many varieties of nicotinic receptors are there? What kind of receptors are they?

A
  • 17 varieties
  • ionotropic receptors pass Na+ and Ca2+
45
Q

How many varieties of muscarinic receptors are there? What kind of receptors are they?

A
  • 5 varieties
  • metabotropic receptors (GPCRs)
46
Q

What are NAChR permeable to?

A

Na+ and Ca2+

47
Q

___________ is a selective agonist of NAChR.

A

nicotine

48
Q

Where are NAChR located?

A
  • NMJ
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • central nervous system
49
Q

Agonists that do not readily desensitize receptors cause a _________________.

A

depolarization block

50
Q

What is the function of a depolarization block?

A

prevent target cell from firing by preventing repolarization

51
Q

Under normal circumstances, what occurs to NAChR in the presence of a prolonged stimulus?

A

desensitization (inactivation)

52
Q

What is succinylcholine? Which receptor does it affect, and how does it affect the receptor? What symptoms present?

A
  • muscle relaxant
  • prolong activation of NAChR
  • muscle paralysis
53
Q

TRUE or FALSE: at the NMJ, NAChR are located both pre and post synaptically

A

FALSE: at NMJ, only post-synaptic

54
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in the CNS, NAChR can be located in both post and pre-synaptic membranes

A

TRUE

55
Q

What is the function of pre-synaptic NAChR?

A

modulate neurotransmitter release

56
Q

What is classic transmission?

A

receptors located post-synaptically

57
Q

NAChR antagonists include ___________ (______________).

A

curare poison, D-tubocurarine

58
Q

What kind of plants produce curare poison? What was it originally used for?

A
  • tropical plants indigenous to South America
  • used as an arrow poison for hunting (causes respiratory paralysis)
59
Q

ACh is a major neurotransmitter in what organism?

A

insects

60
Q

TRUE or FALSE: neuronal NAChR have the same composition and sensitivity in mammals and invertebrates

A

FALSE: different in mammals and invertebrates

61
Q

What are neonicotinoid insecticides? Do they have low or high adverse effects in mammals? are they permeable to the BBB?

A
  • irreversible NAChR antagonist
  • broad spectrum insecticide
  • low adverse effects in mammals
  • BBB impermeable
62
Q

How many types of muscarinic receptors are there?

A

5 types (M1 through M5)

63
Q

TRUE or FALSE: muscarinic receptors are metabotropic

A

TRUE

64
Q

Is muscarine an agonist or antagonist of muscarinic receptors.

A

agonist

65
Q

Where is muscarine isolated from?

A

fly agaric mushroom

66
Q

TRUE or FALSE: muscarine is parasympatholytic

A

FALSE: parasympathomimetic

67
Q

Ingestion of muscarine leads to exaggerated ____________ response.

A

parasympathetic

68
Q

What symptoms arise when muscarine is ingested?

A
  • lacrimation
  • sweating
  • salivation
  • pinpoint pupils
  • sever abdominal pain (strong contraction of smooth muscles and painful diarrhea)
69
Q

What do high doses of muscarine lead to?

A

cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, coma, death

70
Q

What is the structure of GPCR?

A

7-transmembrane helix receptor

71
Q

GPCR is coupled to specific ________ binding protein on the __________ side.

A

GTP, intracellular

72
Q

What is the function of Gs α?

A

stimulates downstream targets

73
Q

What is the function of Gi α?

A

inhibits downstream targets

74
Q

What is the function of Gq α?

A

modulatory functions downstream

75
Q

GPCR elici effects on target cells through ____________, such as ____, _____, and ______.

A

second messengers, cAMP, IP3, Ca2+

76
Q

Describe the events of GPCR binding.

A
  1. GPCR binds ligand, interacts with G-protein complex
  2. G-protein complex - Gα binds GDP, Gβ-γ
  3. ligand binding promotes dissociation of Gα from Gβ-γ
  4. newly liberated Gα activates downstream effector (e.g. adenylate cyclase –> generates cAMP)
77
Q

Describe the Gq α/PLC signalling cascade.

A
  1. PLC activation cleaves PIP2 (membrane phospholipid) to IP3 (soluble) and DAG (lipid)
  2. IP3 activates Ca2+ channels on the ER to trigger Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm
  3. DAG activates protein kinase C in conjunction with Ca2+
  4. PKC phosphorylates numerous cellular proteins
78
Q

Describe the events of M1,3,5 binding. Which G protein is it associated with?

A

M1,3,5 –> Gqα –> PLC –> IP3 and Ca2+ release

79
Q

What is M1 specifically involved in?

A

neurotransmission in autonomic ganglion cells (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) and cognitive effects in CNS

80
Q

What is M5 specifically involved in?

A

addictive behaviour

81
Q

Describe the events of M2,4 binding. Which G protein is it associated with?

A

M2,4 –> Giα –> inhibit adenylate cyclase –> decrease cAMP levels

82
Q

What is M2 specifically involved in?

A
  • M2 is expressed in the heart
  • activation slows heart rate
83
Q

What is M4 specifically involved in?

A
  • functions as an autoreceptor
  • activation inhibits presynaptic ACh release
84
Q

Which 2 NTs are in balance to regulate movement? Where does this occur?

A
  • ACh and dopamine
  • striatum
85
Q

Degeneration of ___________ neurons in the ____________ results in deficits in initiation of movement.

A

dopaminergic; substantia nigra

86
Q

What kind of drugs are used in early PD to treat motor symptoms? What is the rationale?

A
  • cholinergic drugs
  • manipulation of ACh in the striatum offsets the deficit in dopamine
87
Q

What is orphenadrine used for? What kind of drug is it?

A
  • used to treat early PD to treat motor symptoms
  • muscarinic M4 ACh receptor antagonist
88
Q

How does latrotoxin affect ACh?

A

trigger ACh release

89
Q

How does botulinum toxin affect ACh?

A

block ACh release

90
Q

192 IgG saporin is a ________ __________ toxin.

A

selective cholinergic

91
Q

What is the agonist/ligand and antagonist associated with vesicular ACh transporter?

A
  • agonist: ACh in cytoplasm
  • antagonist: vesamicol
92
Q

What is the agonist/ligand and antagonist associated with choline transporter?

A
  • agonist: choline in the synapse
  • antagonist: hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)
93
Q

What is the agonist/ligand and antagonist associated with ACh esterase (AChE)? Which antagonists are reversible/irreversible?

A
  • agonist: ACh in the synapse
  • reversible antagonist: physostigmine, neostigmine, pyridostigmine
  • irreversible antagonist: sarin, VX, organophosphates
94
Q

What is the agonist/ligand and antagonist associated with nicotinic AChR? Which antagonist is reversible/irreversible?

A
  • agonist: ACh, nicotine, succinylcholine
  • reversible antagonist: D-tubocurarine
  • irreversible antagonist: neonicotinoids
95
Q

What is the agonist/ligand and antagonist associated with muscarinic AChR? Which drug is parasympathomimetic/parasympatholytic? Which drug is used to treat PD?

A
  • agonist: ACh, muscarine (parsympathoMIMETIC)
  • antagonist: atropine (parasympathoLYTIC), orphenadrine (PD treatment)

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions