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PSYCH 478 > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

after ____, alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug

A

caffeine

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2
Q

what was the first fermented beverage

A

mead

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3
Q

match the terms to the type of alcohol

simple toxic alcohol

A

methanol

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4
Q

match the terms to the type of alcohol

alcoholic beverage

A

ethanol

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5
Q

match the terms to the type of alcohol

rubbing alcohol

A

isopropanol

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6
Q

true or false - alcohol has high caloric content

A

true

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7
Q

ethanol administered (what type of way) has high bioavailability

A

orally

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8
Q

absorption of alcohol occurs in what two areas

A

10% stomach and 90% in small intestine

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9
Q

transport of alcohol in the system is ___ diffusion

A

passive

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10
Q

carbonation of an alcoholic drink does what for uptake

A

faster uptake

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11
Q

true or false - alcohol is amphipathic

A

true

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12
Q

high concentration of alcohol is absorbed _____

A

faster

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13
Q

what are the 2 key enzymes involved in liver metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

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14
Q

what kind of kinetics does metabolism follow

A

zero order -> fixed rate

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15
Q

what is the toxic intermediate in the metabolism chain pathway

A

acetaldehyde

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16
Q

look at the metabolism slide for pathway

A

go

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17
Q

why can you tell if someone has drank through a breathalyzer test

A

because 5% of ethanol is excreted through the lungs

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18
Q

which family of enzymes helps with metabolism

A

cytochrome P450

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19
Q

what type of effect causes the acute and chronic effects of intoxication

A

specific effects

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20
Q

what are non specific effects

A

result of interaction with phospholipid membranes or body fluids

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21
Q

which subunit does ethanol interact with

A

delta

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22
Q

ethanol can be cross-_______ and cross-______ with benzos and barbituates

A

tolerance;dependence

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23
Q

true or false - ethanol increases glutamate release

A

false - decreases

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24
Q

at low doses, ethanol has an influence on what type of receptors

A

NMDA

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25
just read the slide about chronic effect on NMDA
slide 13
26
ethanol has what influence on dopamine
increases the firing rate of vTA dopamine projections in the nucleus accumbens
27
______ modulator of 5HT3 receptors
positive
28
acute administration of ethanol ____ endogenous opiod activity
increases
29
ethanol increases the release of what from the pituitary
endorphins
30
what kind of antagonists reduce ethanol self consumption in animals
opiod antagonists
31
know the chart 9.3 slide 16
go
32
at low does, alcohol has what behavioral effects
anxiolytic, euphoric and sedating
33
at low doses, what are the physiological effects of alcohol
diuretic, sedative, hypnotic, decreased REM sleep
34
what are the non specific effects of alcohol on the vestibular system
-> thins the fluid in the inner ear -> fluid moves more rapidly
35
how can balance be tested
romberg sway test
36
look at slide 21and 22 for acute and metabolism tolerance graph
go
37
what are the 4 ways you can tell there is pharmacodynamic tolerance
1. increased glutamate release 2. decreased GABA function 3. decreased release of opiods 4. decreased firing of dopamine neurons
38
just read behavioral tolerance slide 24
there is too much info lol
39
true or false - tolerance develops rapidly in humans
true
40
what are symptoms of acute withdrawal
nausea, headache, dehydration
41
what is considered as an early component of withdrawal
hangover
42
withdrawal from acute/chronic alcohol use has an early and late component
chronic
43
describe the early component of withdrawal from chronic alcohol
agitation, vomiting, nausea, irregular heartbeat -> less severe component -> lasts two days
44
how does alcohol effect GABAa function
enhances it tolerance -> GABAa receptor function decreases
45
how does alcohol effect NMDAR
prolonged intoxication -> glutamate release and NMDAR function increases
46
what are the rebound effects of alcohol on NMDAR
seizures and hallucinations
47
what is another term for late withdrawal
delirium tremens
48
what is the determining symptom of late withdrawal
vivid hallucinatory episodes -> often terrifying, lack of recognition of real world, paranoid
49
altered GABA homeostasis leads to what kind of activation
sympathetic
50
how do we manage DT
administration of benzodiazepines
51
what are some structural changes that come from prolonged heavy drinking
1. decreased brain volume 2. neuronal loss in cortex 3. ventricular enlargement
52
define NMDA mediated excitotoxicity
sensitization of neuronal cells because of compensatory upregulation of glutamate and NMDAR
53
true or false - homocysteine is an antagonist
false - it is an agonist at glutamate and glycine sites of NMDAR
54
homocysteine levels are a marker for what
severity of withdrawal
55
______ is a neurotoxic amino acid
homocysteine
56
how does alcohol impact neurotrophic factors
reduced levels of BDNFs
57
acetaldehydes are highly reactive with what
proteins and DNA
58
acetaldehyde is related with what pathway
mesolimbic dopamine pathway
59
alcoholism causes what type of deficiency
B1 vitamins
60
what syndrome is associated with deficiency in B1 (thiamine)
wernicke korsakoff
61
thiamine is required for what
brain glucose metabolism
62
how can wernicke korsakoff syndrome be treated
thiamine supplements
63
how does alcohol lead to a fatty liver
metabolism of alcohol decreases fat metabolism -> accumulation of fats
64
alcoholic hepatitis is caused by what
prolonged use of alcohol
65
what is the major cause of intellectual impairment
FAS
66
what are the four effects of alcohol on a developing fetus
cytotoxin teratogen -> craniofacial changes neurotoxin -> changes to CNS behavioral -> increased risk of addictions
67
true or false - less than 10% of women report drinking while pregnant
false - over 30%

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

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