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PSYCH 478 > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

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1
Q

after ____, alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug

A

caffeine

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2
Q

what was the first fermented beverage

A

mead

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3
Q

match the terms to the type of alcohol

simple toxic alcohol

A

methanol

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4
Q

match the terms to the type of alcohol

alcoholic beverage

A

ethanol

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5
Q

match the terms to the type of alcohol

rubbing alcohol

A

isopropanol

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6
Q

true or false - alcohol has high caloric content

A

true

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7
Q

ethanol administered (what type of way) has high bioavailability

A

orally

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8
Q

absorption of alcohol occurs in what two areas

A

10% stomach and 90% in small intestine

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9
Q

transport of alcohol in the system is ___ diffusion

A

passive

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10
Q

carbonation of an alcoholic drink does what for uptake

A

faster uptake

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11
Q

true or false - alcohol is amphipathic

A

true

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12
Q

high concentration of alcohol is absorbed _____

A

faster

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13
Q

what are the 2 key enzymes involved in liver metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

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14
Q

what kind of kinetics does metabolism follow

A

zero order -> fixed rate

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15
Q

what is the toxic intermediate in the metabolism chain pathway

A

acetaldehyde

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16
Q

look at the metabolism slide for pathway

A

go

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17
Q

why can you tell if someone has drank through a breathalyzer test

A

because 5% of ethanol is excreted through the lungs

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18
Q

which family of enzymes helps with metabolism

A

cytochrome P450

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19
Q

what type of effect causes the acute and chronic effects of intoxication

A

specific effects

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20
Q

what are non specific effects

A

result of interaction with phospholipid membranes or body fluids

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21
Q

which subunit does ethanol interact with

A

delta

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22
Q

ethanol can be cross-_______ and cross-______ with benzos and barbituates

A

tolerance;dependence

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23
Q

true or false - ethanol increases glutamate release

A

false - decreases

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24
Q

at low doses, ethanol has an influence on what type of receptors

A

NMDA

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25
Q

just read the slide about chronic effect on NMDA

A

slide 13

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26
Q

ethanol has what influence on dopamine

A

increases the firing rate of vTA dopamine projections in the nucleus accumbens

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27
Q

______ modulator of 5HT3 receptors

A

positive

28
Q

acute administration of ethanol ____ endogenous opiod activity

A

increases

29
Q

ethanol increases the release of what from the pituitary

A

endorphins

30
Q

what kind of antagonists reduce ethanol self consumption in animals

A

opiod antagonists

31
Q

know the chart 9.3 slide 16

A

go

32
Q

at low does, alcohol has what behavioral effects

A

anxiolytic, euphoric and sedating

33
Q

at low doses, what are the physiological effects of alcohol

A

diuretic, sedative, hypnotic, decreased REM sleep

34
Q

what are the non specific effects of alcohol on the vestibular system

A

-> thins the fluid in the inner ear
-> fluid moves more rapidly

35
Q

how can balance be tested

A

romberg sway test

36
Q

look at slide 21and 22 for acute and metabolism tolerance graph

A

go

37
Q

what are the 4 ways you can tell there is pharmacodynamic tolerance

A
  1. increased glutamate release
  2. decreased GABA function
  3. decreased release of opiods
  4. decreased firing of dopamine neurons
38
Q

just read behavioral tolerance slide 24

A

there is too much info lol

39
Q

true or false - tolerance develops rapidly in humans

A

true

40
Q

what are symptoms of acute withdrawal

A

nausea, headache, dehydration

41
Q

what is considered as an early component of withdrawal

A

hangover

42
Q

withdrawal from acute/chronic alcohol use has an early and late component

A

chronic

43
Q

describe the early component of withdrawal from chronic alcohol

A

agitation, vomiting, nausea, irregular heartbeat
-> less severe component
-> lasts two days

44
Q

how does alcohol effect GABAa function

A

enhances it
tolerance -> GABAa receptor function decreases

45
Q

how does alcohol effect NMDAR

A

prolonged intoxication -> glutamate release and NMDAR function increases

46
Q

what are the rebound effects of alcohol on NMDAR

A

seizures and hallucinations

47
Q

what is another term for late withdrawal

A

delirium tremens

48
Q

what is the determining symptom of late withdrawal

A

vivid hallucinatory episodes -> often terrifying, lack of recognition of real world, paranoid

49
Q

altered GABA homeostasis leads to what kind of activation

A

sympathetic

50
Q

how do we manage DT

A

administration of benzodiazepines

51
Q

what are some structural changes that come from prolonged heavy drinking

A
  1. decreased brain volume
  2. neuronal loss in cortex
  3. ventricular enlargement
52
Q

define NMDA mediated excitotoxicity

A

sensitization of neuronal cells because of compensatory upregulation of glutamate and NMDAR

53
Q

true or false - homocysteine is an antagonist

A

false - it is an agonist at glutamate and glycine sites of NMDAR

54
Q

homocysteine levels are a marker for what

A

severity of withdrawal

55
Q

______ is a neurotoxic amino acid

A

homocysteine

56
Q

how does alcohol impact neurotrophic factors

A

reduced levels of BDNFs

57
Q

acetaldehydes are highly reactive with what

A

proteins and DNA

58
Q

acetaldehyde is related with what pathway

A

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

59
Q

alcoholism causes what type of deficiency

A

B1 vitamins

60
Q

what syndrome is associated with deficiency in B1 (thiamine)

A

wernicke korsakoff

61
Q

thiamine is required for what

A

brain glucose metabolism

62
Q

how can wernicke korsakoff syndrome be treated

A

thiamine supplements

63
Q

how does alcohol lead to a fatty liver

A

metabolism of alcohol decreases fat metabolism -> accumulation of fats

64
Q

alcoholic hepatitis is caused by what

A

prolonged use of alcohol

65
Q

what is the major cause of intellectual impairment

A

FAS

66
Q

what are the four effects of alcohol on a developing fetus

A

cytotoxin
teratogen -> craniofacial changes
neurotoxin -> changes to CNS
behavioral -> increased risk of addictions

67
Q

true or false - less than 10% of women report drinking while pregnant

A

false - over 30%

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

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