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PSYCH 478 > Cocaine Systems > Flashcards

Cocaine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the second most popular illicit drug in the USA and what is the first one?

A

cocaine; cannabis

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2
Q

how much kg of drug possession did it take for prosecution

A

1kg

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3
Q

what did this disparity contribute to

A

racial bias in drug prosecution

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4
Q

what is PCE

A

prenatal cocaine exposure

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5
Q

what was in utero exposure to crack-coaine correlate with

A
  • premature birth
  • lower birth rate
  • mental and physical defects
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6
Q

crack cocaine be explicitly tested by what drug presence

A

methylecgonidine

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7
Q

fill in the blank: From 1980-89 studies showing effects of cocaine on fetal development has a ____ ___________________ _______ while those showing lack of effects had an____ ______________ ______

A
  • 57% publication rate
  • 11% publication rate
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8
Q

true or false: animal studies support long-term effects of PCE

A

false; but there is a moderate amount of support for a decrease in learning in the presence of distraction

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9
Q

Most described effects of PCE in humans can be attributed to confounding factors which are?

A
  • Prenatal nutrition, pre- and post-natal care, additional drug use (alcohol/tobacco), environmental risks, increased rates of STI (incl. HIV and hepatitis)
  • Child more likely to be exposed to maternal depression, domestic violence, ‘deadbeat’ parenting – all affect early childhood development
  • Small increased risk of ADHD or increased impulsivity/distractibility
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10
Q

what does cocaine elevate the signalling of at the noradrenergic locations

A

NE

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11
Q

what are the many adverse effects of cocaine and what are they?

A
  • sympathetic activation
  • stroke, heart failure, seizure, intracranial hemorrhage
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12
Q

what are the two key pathways that dopamine plays a central role in

A
  • nigrostriatal-> substantia nigra to the striatum
  • mesolimbic-> ventral tegmentum to nucleus accumbens
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13
Q

what type of behaviours does SN to striatum elicit and what do lesions with 6-OHDA antagonize

A
  • stereotyped behaviours
  • psychostimulant-induced stereotypes
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14
Q

what does microinjection of cocaine in the VTA to NAc elicit and what does lesions do

A
  • hyperactivity
  • diminishes the reinforcing effects of cocaine administration
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15
Q

Take a look at slide 10

A

ye

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16
Q

how have euphoric effects been studied

A
  • PET imaging
  • DAT occupancy by cocaine
  • D2R occupancy by DA
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17
Q

true or false: rate of onset correlates with intensity of euphoria

A

true; smoking-> IV-> intranasal-» oral

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18
Q

fill in the blank: individuals with increased _____ receptor occupancy before cocaine administration have greater euphoric effects

A

D2

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19
Q

true or false: cocaine in humans leads to addiction in 20-25% of users

A

false; 10-15%

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20
Q

what have several studies shown regarding the free choice rats have between sweetened water and cocaine

A

that rats will choose sweetened water over cocaine infusion

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21
Q

what is cocaine psychosis characterized by

A

transient paranoid psychosis with delusions and hallucinations

22
Q

what is one one feature of cocaine psychosis and is it well characterized as psychosis associated with amphetamine

A
  • common feature of chronic high-dose cocaine abuse (binge use)
  • it is not well-characterized
23
Q

true or false: cocaine psychosis occurs more frequently as a result of sensitization to the drug

A

true

24
Q

true or false; cocaine psychosis is similar to psychosis in schizophrenia

A

true- sensitive to antipsychotics- mesolimbic DA

25
Q

true or false: in chronic sensitization daily injection of cocaine results in increased stereotypic behaviours in rats over time (head bobbing, corner-to-corner motion, and vertical rearing/nose poking)

A

true

26
Q

true or false: chronic cocaine infusion increases the locomotor effects of a single cocaine injection

A

false

27
Q

what regulates overall rate of catecholamine synthesis in acute cocaine tolerance

A

TH

28
Q

what does phosphorylation involve

A
  • activity-dependent activation (CaM-Kinase phosphorylation)
  • modulatory activation (PKC signalling
29
Q

what does acute tolerance result from and what do presynaptic autoreceptors respond to

A
  • results in large part from inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis
  • responds to prolonged DA in the synapse to inhibit TH
30
Q

what is chronic heavy cocaine use assoicated with

A

mild cognitive impairment -> verbal memory, attention and motor function-> correlated with gray and white matter abnormalities

31
Q

what are the cardiotoxic effects of chronic use

A

arrhythmia, cardiac myopathy, myocardial infarct

32
Q

what are the two administration-dependent effects

A
  • intranasal-> perforation of the nasal septum
  • smoking-> crack lung, scarring and damage to lung tissue due to vasoconstriction of vessels in the lung
33
Q

what two receptor antagonists reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine

A

D1 and D2

34
Q

specific D3 antagonist or partial agonists decrease_ _____ or ______

A

SA; CPP

35
Q

Look at slide 18 for human trials and take note of the words in bold

A
36
Q

true or false: in animal and clinical trials cocaine vaccination reduces response to drug

A

true

37
Q

true or false: reduces effects by altering craving or impulse to use

A

false; doe not alter

38
Q

what does vaccine efficacy require

A

regular boosters as cocaine is not itself immunogenic- need to maintain high antibody levels

39
Q

look at slide 11 and 12

A
40
Q

what has been studied well using PET imaging

A

euphoric effects
- DAT occupancy by cocaine
- S2R occupancy by DA

41
Q

true or false: rate of onset of DAT occupancy correlates with intensity of euphoria

A

true

42
Q

what percentage of users of cocaine lead to addiction

A

10-15%

43
Q

through several studies with rats, what has been shown

A

that the rat given free choice, will choose sweetened water of cocaine infusion

44
Q

what is cocaine psychosis characterized by

A

by transient paranoid psychosis with delusions and hallucinations

45
Q

what is the term for chronic high-dose cocaine abuse

A

binge use

46
Q

what is cocaine psychosis similar to

A

psychosis in schizophrenia and is sensitive to antipsychotics– mesolimbic DA

47
Q

what is seen in acute tolerance

A

there is inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase (forms catecholamines) -> not able to create dopamine -> not as much as a high effect so keep taking cocaine to reach it

48
Q

what is seen in chronic sensitization

A

daily injection results in increased stereotypic behaviours in rats over time

49
Q

what happens in acute cocaine tolerance

A

phosphorylation
- Activity-dependent activation (CaM-kinase signalling)
- modulatory activation (PKC signalling)

50
Q

what does acute tolerance result from

A

from inhibition of dopamine biosynthesis

-presynaptic autoreceptors responds to prolonged DA in the synapse to inhibit TH

51
Q

look at slide 18 for adverse effects of cocaine use

A

have fun

52
Q

look at slide 19 and 20 for addiction treatment and human trials

A

good luck

PSYCH 478 (28 decks)

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