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vets 1025 > research animals > Flashcards

research animals Flashcards

1
Q

what legal instrument mandates the use of animal ethic committees in QLD

A

the animals care and protection act 2001

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2
Q

animal research is tightly regulated by

A

laws, mandatory guidelines and strict codes of ethics

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3
Q

research proceeds under the direction of the

A

australian code for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes

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4
Q

what makes the australian code for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes LAW in qld

A

the animals care and protection act

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5
Q

animal research must be reviewed and approved by an

A

institutional animal ethics committee (AEC)

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6
Q

at UQ who administers the ethics committees and maintains the legal complaince

A

animal welfare unit

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7
Q

who physically looks after the animals and their housing/ welfare at UQ

A

university of queensland biological resources

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8
Q

every animal ethics commitee has a

A

vet as a member by law

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9
Q

what does AEC consist of

A

vets, scientists and members of public

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10
Q

3R’s

A

replace, reduce, refine

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11
Q

5 freedoms

A
  • freedom from hunger and thirst
  • freedom from discomfort
  • freedom from pain injury and disease (often disease or injury is the research)
  • freedom to express normal behaviour
  • freedom from pain and distress

criticism; no major focus on pleasure of positive feelings

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12
Q

5 domains

A
  • nutrition
  • environment
  • health
  • behaviour
  • mental domain
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13
Q

affective state

A

experience of feeling underlying emotional state

moods; longterm
emotions; shorterm

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14
Q

animal affective state

A

welfare includes both pleasurable and unpleasant mental states

negative: distress, suffering, thirst, pain, hunger etc

positive; comfort, pleasure, interest, satiety, general wellbeing, confidence, control

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15
Q

prey animals mask pain so what are signs of rodent pain and distress

A
  • decreased activity
  • abnormal postures
  • changes in facial expression
  • decreased grooming
  • reduced nesting, eating, drinking
  • teeth chattering
  • isolation
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16
Q

mice see red as

A

black; so red cages and tunnels make them feel safe and we can still see them

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17
Q

reduce

A
  • minimum number of animals per experiment
  • avoid unnecessary duplication or repetition

consulting a statistician is often seen as essential

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18
Q

replace

A

use in vitro, computer models or lower lifeforms

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19
Q

refine

A

minimize pain and distress, increase wellbeing and minimize disturbance

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20
Q

spontaneous death

A

animal dies of injury, illness, disease or age in unassisted way

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21
Q

death as an endpoint

A

deliberate measure used for evaluating biological or chemical processes, responses or effects

investigator will NOT intervene to kill animal humanely before death occurs

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22
Q

humane killing

A

killing animal in humane way after or to facilitate its use by humans

ex slaughter

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23
Q

euthanasia

A

“good death” killing animal when death is in animals best interest due to welfare considerations

24
Q

experimental endpoint

A

defined time in which experiment is done and data is complete; animal is either humanely killed or returned to flock/ sold/ released

25
Q

humane endpoint

A

welfare threshold where animals welfare is at a point where euth will be performed

26
Q

some criteria for immediate euth in research

A
  • weight loss
  • BCS
  • can’t move
  • can’t access food/water
  • tumors
  • dehydration
  • laboured breather
  • trauma
  • bleeding cannot be stopped
  • post op complications
    etc
27
Q

criteria for humane killing and euth

A
  • method appropriate
  • reliable, reproducible and irreversible
  • minimal restrain applied
  • rapid loss of consciousness before death
  • avoids distress and excitement
28
Q

humane intervention points

A

set of predetermined criteria that define the point at which humane intervention must be implemented

could be things such as treatment, cease experiment until animal recovers, remove animal from study, increase frequency of observation or euthanize

29
Q

what agency licenses pharmaceutical products in aus

A

therapeutic goods administration (TGA)

30
Q

term for an animal model of disease for which no human analogue exists

A

orphan model

31
Q

basic vs applied vs clinical research

A
  • basic; advancing fundamental knowledge, computer models and lower organisms
  • applied; use of existing knowledge to solve specific biomedical problem, animal models of all types (non human animals)
  • clinical research; builds on ^, live animals, trials on animals (pre-clinical) and humans (clinical) to test new treatment and procedures
32
Q

animal model

A

living, non human animal used during research for purpose of better understanding of disease or normal biology

33
Q

induced (experimental) models

A

healthy animals which have the condition to be studied experimentally induced

34
Q

spontaneous ( genetic, mutant) models

A

models where disease naturally occurs due to genetic mutations or naturally occurring disease

35
Q

genetically modified models (GEMMs)

A

models which are deliberately genetically manipulated to insert, remove, mutate or replace genes in order to study the gene’s function or exhibit other useful traits

36
Q

negative models

A

control animals (don’t have disease) useful for validating results

37
Q

orphan models

A

disease has no human equivalent and occur only in species studied

38
Q

3 types of disease models

A

1) homologous; animals have same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease

2) isomorphic; animals share same symptoms and treatments

3) predictive models; similar to human disease in only a couple of aspects but useful in isolating and making predictions about mechanisms of set of disease features

39
Q

comparative medical research

A

one animal species used as a model to study diseases and treatments for benefit of humans of vet species

40
Q

translational research

A

applies findings from biomedical research to translate findings of fundamental research into medical practice and meaningful health outcomes like new meds, procedures, or tests

41
Q

most widely used mammalian organism in biomedical research

A

mice

42
Q

mice advantages

A
  • high fecundity
  • short generation time
  • short lifespan
  • genetic manipulation options
  • well characterized inbred and outbred strains
  • similar genetics and physiology to humans
  • sequenced genome
  • huge body of pre-existing science
43
Q

mice disadvantages

A
  • too small
  • spontaneous disease
  • bio of some disease differs significantly from human so poor translation
44
Q

what is most commonly used preclinical toxicology model for pharmaceutical safety assessment and development in the world

A

rats

45
Q

why are rats preferred over mice for drug testing

A

larger, docile and inability to vomit

46
Q

is rodent testing mandatory for all agencies

A

yes; except for biologics which don’t cross react to rodents

47
Q

rat advantages

A
  • high fecundity
  • short generation time
  • short lifespan
  • docile
  • cheap
  • characterized strains
  • similar genetics and physiology to humans
  • larger than mice
  • models of choice for drug development and safety testing
48
Q

rat disadvantages

A
  • more diffcult to genetically manipulate than mice
  • fewer regants available for research
  • larger than mice; more expenisve
  • spontaneous disease
  • bio of some disease differs significantly from human so poor translation
49
Q

It is mandatory that both rodent and non-rodent models are used to test each
drug (except biologics)

what is non rodent species of choice

A

dogs

50
Q

dog advanatges

A
  • trained, easy to handle
  • large size
  • similar genetic and physiology to humans
  • sequenced genome
  • spontaneous disease
  • good ethical reasons
51
Q

dog disadvanatges

A
  • may be strong ethical objection due to bond
  • reagents to study limited
  • expensive
52
Q

what is the group of animal of choice for biologic drugs (antibody and related molecules)

A

primates because immune system and proteins similar to humans

53
Q

primate advanatges

A
  • v close related to humans
  • gold standard for biologic pharmaceutical, medical device and surgical technique development
54
Q

primate disadvantages

A
  • ethical objections
  • high cost
  • complicated housing
  • ecological impact; many threatened
  • zoonotic disease
  • may die from common human diseases
55
Q

best ethical choice of animal models

A

lower animals and simple organisms

56
Q

lower organisms advantages

A
  • high fecundity
  • short generation time
  • short lifespan
  • small, cheap
  • genetic manipulation
  • sequenced genome
  • few ethical objections
57
Q

lower organisms disadvantages

A
  • bio os some may be too different from humans to show good translation or comparative results

vets 1025 (44 decks)

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