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vets 1025 > horses > Flashcards

horses Flashcards

1
Q

scientific name

A

equus caballus
equus= greek for quickness

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2
Q

wild herds

A

3-20 animals led by mature male; rest is females and their young

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3
Q

4 speeds called gaits

A

walk, trot, canter, gallop

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4
Q

lifespan

A

25-30 years

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5
Q

gestation

A

340 days (almost a year!!), range 320-370

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6
Q

horses are _____ breeders

A

seasonal (summer)

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7
Q

colt

A

entire male 3 yrs or less

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8
Q

stallion

A

entire male 4 years and over

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9
Q

gelding

A

castrated male of any age

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10
Q

filly

A

female 3 years of less

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11
Q

mare

A

female 4 years and over

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12
Q

first horses originated in

A

north america and then spread to asia and europe

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13
Q

were first domesticated in ____ and initially used for:

A

asia 3000-4000BC
used for milk and meat, eventually as a form of transportation

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14
Q

value for domestication

A

speed for transport, carrying capacity, diastema for control, absence of horns

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15
Q

wild horses today

A
  • 3 species of zebra
  • wild ass (african and asian)
  • przewalksi’s horse
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16
Q

ability to digest food

A

hind hut fermenters, thrive on poor quality plant fibre
adapted to graze instead of browse

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17
Q

diastema

A

gap between front incisors and rear grinding teeth

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18
Q

limb and foot structure allows them to

A

be v fast! run up to 70km/h for short distances

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19
Q

how did horses adapt to graze

A
  • long muzzle and ever erupting teeth
  • ability to digest
  • migrating animal
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20
Q

teeth evolution

A
  • teeth w transverse shearing evolved
  • premolars became full molars
  • hypsodont (high crowned) teeth, ever erupting
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21
Q

digestion time

A
  • rumen digestion is more efficient but more time consuming; they can’t jump up and run away
  • horse 48 hr; 70% efficient as cow
  • do better of poorer quality diet
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22
Q

how often graze

A

60-80% of time
commonly drink in association w feeding

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23
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

big vat to allow microbes to digest grass

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24
Q

boxed horses vs paddock horse feeding time

A

boxed; 47% of time
paddock; 60-80% time

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25
Q

limb and foot structure

A
  • arrangement of tendons on long slender limbs; store elastic energy; faster gait and endurance
  • ulna and radius is fused; long solid limb for distance running;; poor turning ability
  • hoof= bioengineering miracle; tough, protective, evergrowing
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26
Q

where are blindspots

A
  • horse has a blind-spot straight in front or forehead the width of the horse
  • also directly behind it
  • cannot see itself
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27
Q

hearing

A
  • large erect, motile pinnae
  • more sensitive to sound than humans
  • hearing to 34 kHz compared to 20 kHz in humans
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28
Q

olfaction

A
  • well developed vomeronasal organ; flehman response
  • horses meet nose to nose and smell each other
  • horses are sensitive to smells in their environment
  • smell v important in feed selection
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29
Q

taste

A
  • attracted by sweetness/ sugar
  • reject salty, sour and bitter tastes at about the same level of acceptance as humans
  • train to accept high levels of electrolyte before race
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30
Q

touch

A
  • horses v sensitive to tactile stimulation; esp muzzle and ears
  • v well developed; can sense fly landing
  • muscles ripple to disturb flies
  • muzzle sensitive; whiskers
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31
Q

horses are predators or prey animals

A

prey

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32
Q

general social organization: harem type

A
  • live in large herds comprising several smaller bands
  • basic family/ breeding group; harem band
  • harem stallion, few mature females and their young offspring
  • bachelor bands
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33
Q

general social organization: territorial type

A
  • breeding males guard a territory
  • gain access to females that travel through their territory
  • females travel alone or in temporary pairs
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34
Q

locomotion begins within first ____ of life

A

hour

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35
Q

how long do they do standing rest per day

A

8-12 hours

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36
Q

how long do they go through recumbent rest per day

A

0-6 hours per day

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37
Q

grooming and insect control behaviours

A
  • rolling, shaking
  • autogrooming; nibbling, biting, licking or rubbing
  • tail swishing
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38
Q

how often do they urinate/ defecate per day

A

4-15x per day

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39
Q

stallion fecal behvaiour

A

fecal pile displays; scent marking, aka stud piles

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40
Q

non- verbal communication

A

ear, eye, muzzle, body position

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41
Q

verbal communication

A
  • snorting; excited or uncertain about object/ situation
  • nicker; friendly, fairly uqiet greeting
  • neigh/ whinny; friendly call; high pitched
  • squealing; friendly or excitable warning
  • blowing; relaxed noise
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42
Q

play behaviour

A
  • object; sniff, bite, nuzzle, pick up/ shake/ carry/ toss
  • pawing at objects
  • running to and from objects
  • circling or running in loops
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43
Q

training behaviours

A
  • highly flexible and adjustable/ adaptable
  • pressure and release
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44
Q

3 major groups of horse breeds

A

heavy, light, ponies

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45
Q

how do you measure horses

A

cm or hands and inches
1 hand= 4 inches= 10cm

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46
Q

near side and off side

A

near= horses left side
off = horses right side

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47
Q

light horse breeds (most predominant type)

A
  • thoroughbred
  • australian stock horse
  • quarter horse
  • arabian
  • standardbred
  • miniature horse
  • show horses
  • warm blood
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48
Q

heavy horse breeds

A
  • clydesdale
  • percheron
  • cold blooded (related to temperament)
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49
Q

ponies

A
  • welsh mountain pony
  • shetland
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50
Q

heavy horses

A
  • as name implies heavy
  • used originally for labour; pulling carts, ploughing fields
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51
Q

clydesdale

A
  • heavy
  • from scotland
  • 16-18 hands
  • usually characteristic colour
  • used to be work horses, now used for driving and ploughing competitions
  • driving= horse and carriage
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52
Q

percheron

A
  • heavy
  • originated in france
  • 14-16 hands
  • usually grey or black
  • draft animal
  • also meat production
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53
Q

light horses

A
  • built for speed, agility, endurance, athletic
  • usually for riding
  • hot blooded relates to temperament
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54
Q

thoroughbred

A
  • light horse
  • originated from UK
  • 15-17 hands
  • fast, athletic
  • flat racing, jumps racing, other sports
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55
Q

australian stock horse

A
  • light horse
  • originated from aus
    -14-16 hands
  • founded in 1970s; original horses waler types
  • the breed for every need
  • used for work, sport and pleasure
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56
Q

quarter horse

A
  • light horse
  • originated from USA
  • 14-16 hands
  • many colours
  • riding and racing
  • heavier build than aus stock horse
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57
Q

arabians

A
  • light horse
  • originated in middle east
  • 14-15 hands
  • one of v original horse breeds
  • diff colours
  • diff body type to other breeds; finer, also head and limbs
  • used for pleasure, show, endurance
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58
Q

warm blood

A
  • light horse
  • “type” horse; different warmblood breeds
  • cross between hot and cold
  • have aspects of both types
  • strong and sure footed
  • used for sport
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59
Q

standardbred

A
  • light horse
  • from USA
  • 15-16 hands
  • used for harness racing and riding
  • harness racing; unique gait, pacing
  • legs on same side; move forward together instead of opposite
  • retired harness racing horses becoming v popular
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60
Q

show horses

A
  • not a specific breed
  • often divided into hack, galloway and pony depending on size
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61
Q

miniature horse

A
  • light horse
  • originated in USA
  • 8 ish hands
  • used for harness, showing, companion, therapy etc
  • should possess all characteristics of good conformation of other types
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62
Q

ponies

A
  • smaller
  • less than 14 hands
  • usually have thick coat, neck and wide body, as well as shorter legs and head
  • adapted to harsh environments and were originally working horses
63
Q

welsh mountain pony

A
  • pony
  • from wales
  • 12 hands
  • riding body and light draft
  • different sections (A-D)
  • kids riding ponies
64
Q

shetland pony

A
  • pony
  • from scotland
  • up to 12 hands
  • used for riding and light draft, harness
  • ridden extensively by children
  • kind disposition
65
Q

przewalskis horse

A
  • last surviving subspecies of wild horse
  • driven to extinction in wild siince 19060s via interbreeding
66
Q

horse ID methods

A
  • sex, colour, age, natural markings, acquired markings, congenital abnormalities, brands
  • microchip
  • DNA
67
Q

4 coat colours

A
  • chestnut (golden reddy, yellowy, mane and tail same colour)
  • bay (brown, mane and tail are black)
  • brown (uniform black skin pigment, muzzle brown)
  • black (uniform black skin pigment, muzzle is black)
68
Q

grey horses

A
  • body colour uneven mixture of coloured and white hairs
  • foal one of the 4 basic colours at birth
  • white develops with age until coat transformed to white
  • skin remains dark
69
Q

white horses

A
  • rare
  • foals born white (unlike grey horses)
  • pigment sometimes on poll, ears and tail
  • sometimes blue eyes
  • susceptible to skin cancers
70
Q

horse bday

A

all horses considered to have bday on aug 1 in southern hemisphere

(jan 1 in northern hemisphere)

71
Q

how many horses will have natural white markings somewhere

A
  • 5/6
  • good way to ID, must be accurately and concisely located, sized and defined
72
Q

mixed vs bordered white marking

A
  • mixed; contains hairs of background colour
  • bordered; border of mixed hairs and then middle completely white
73
Q

shapes of head markings

A
  • star ( on forehead)
  • stripe (stripe down face)
  • blaze (thick stripe, covers lots of face)
  • snip (on nose)
  • can be combos of any of above
74
Q

flesh marks

A
  • patches of skin w pigment absent
  • drawn solid on ID forms
75
Q

leg markings

A
  • spots, tufts and patches of coloured hairs
  • everything described and illustrated
  • hoof colour; usually black
76
Q

leg markings from highest sock to lowest

A
  • full cannon
  • three quarter cannon
  • half cannon
  • white above fetlock
  • full pastern
  • half pastern
  • coronet
77
Q

whorls

A
  • permanent irregular arrangement of coat hair where the hair stream changes direction
  • varies in every animal; like fingerprints
  • cannot be brushed or clipped out
  • position described in relation to eye level and midline of head
  • absence of whorls on forehead must be noted
  • drawn as a cross on id forms
78
Q

feathered whorls

A
  • two sweeps of hair meet along a line at different angles to form a feather
  • drawn as a line, X——
79
Q

acquired markings

A
  • scars drawn as arrows
  • saddle and girth marks
  • dropped hips
  • nicks and tears in nostrils/ ears
  • if it isn’t going to change we record it
80
Q

congenital abnormalities

A
  • any congenital marking or individual peculiarity that will distinguish the animal
  • wall eye; lack of iris pigment
  • roman nose caved out
  • dished nose; caved in
  • muscle indentation; prophets thumb
  • dental abnormality
  • prophets thumb; just like a random dent
81
Q

freeze branding

A
  • liquid nitrogen at - 196 degrees
  • kills colour producing cells in skin and hair; new hair will be white
  • most horses branded w owners brand and numbers; foal drop and year
  • near side L shoulder in qld
82
Q

tattooing

A

occurs in north america
upper lip

83
Q

microchips

A
  • all thoroughbreds born from 2003 onwards
  • all registered w equestrian australia
  • all horses vaccinated against hendra
  • 15 digit number
  • must be implanted by vet
  • nuchal ligament of horse
84
Q

aus produces the ____ highest number of thoroughbreds foals in the world after north america

A

second

85
Q

FEI

A

federation equestrian international
- olympic sports
- dressage
- showjumping
- eventing

86
Q

welfare issues; ill treatment and neglect

A
  • ill treatment and neglect
  • accidental or deliberate
  • incorrect/ under feeding
  • failure to provide normal care
87
Q

welfare issues; training/ riding methods

A
  • whips
  • jumps racing and rodeos
  • other tools; spurs, juggers
  • surigical procedures
  • outdates training methods
88
Q

other welfare issues

A
  • rollkur; head pulled too far down
  • doping
  • abnormal limb sensitivity; competition horse cannot have abnormal limb sensitivity
  • whips have strict limitations on amount of use
89
Q

stereotypies

A
  • weaving
  • stall walking
  • pawing
  • crib biting
  • nodding/ head shaking
  • wind sucking
  • wood chewing
  • tongue displacement
  • head movements
  • selt mutilation
90
Q

pasture and hay contains what nutrients

A

water, vitamins, minerals, protein, fat, carbs, (sugars, starch and fibre)

91
Q

horses not working or utilizing energy will quickly become

A

obese if grazing lots of green grass or are overfed w supplements; can lead to insulin dysregulation and laminitis

92
Q

show horses usually ____ than athletic horses

A

fatter

93
Q

general feeding rules

A
  • unlimited access to fresh, clean water
  • feed only high quality ingredients
  • provide adequate forage; hay and/or pasture
  • select concentrate designed for type of horse
  • monitor body condition
  • if under or over weight evaluate feeding program
  • restrict amount of starch per meal
  • feed regularly
  • diet changes slow
  • feed supplements for specific reason
94
Q

how much forage per day should horses have

A

1.5% BW a day is ideal

95
Q

how much starch should horses have

A

not more than 1.5/g/kg BW as large risk of large intestinal disturbances

96
Q

how regular should you feed horses

A
  • grain 1-3x per day depending on requirements
  • forage; continual access (preferable) or 3x a day
97
Q

what is most important nutrient

A

water ~75% of their bodyweight is water

98
Q

how much water should a 500kg horse have per day

A

2/ml/kg/hr = 25L a day but over 50L a day if hot weather

99
Q

what function do starch and carbs have

A
  • replace glycogen stores; stored in large skeletal muscles, essential for racing, running, jumping
  • increases starches can cause colic
  • increase starch and sugar can cause laminitis
100
Q

laminitis

A

separation of the hoof wall from the foot, v painful and difficult to treat

101
Q

roughages for horses

A

pasture, legumes (lucerne, clover) or cereals (oaten chaff)

102
Q

concentrates for horses

A

grains such as oats, barley, sorghum, maize and rice and commercial mixes

103
Q

protein supplements

A

soyabean meal, lucerne, lupins, cottonseed meal, sunflower seeds, linseed meal

104
Q

to maintain body condition, a horse in light work must consume

A

2% of its body weight daily as dry matter

105
Q

feed must be what 3 things

A

palatable, economical and practical

106
Q

why is equine dentistry necessary

A
  • upper check teeth overlap lower
  • on soft feed incomplete wear creates sharps enamel points (SEPs) due to circular grinding motion of teeth
  • SEPs can ulcerate cheek mucosa
  • routine dentistry removes them (yearly in adults)
107
Q

dentistry

A
  • chemical restraint
  • hausmann gag keeps mouth open
  • stand to keep head in optimal position
  • light for clear view
108
Q

hoof grows approx

A

6-12 mm each month, takes 9-12 months to replace entire hoof

109
Q

how often trim hoof

A
  • 4-6 weeks to accommodate shoeing
  • 3-4 weeks in living and competing barefoot
110
Q

hooves left long and cracked may develop pathology such as

A
  • tendon/ ligament issues
  • hoof abscesses
111
Q

the production of ________ of the periople, hoof wall and bars, white line, sole and frog is constant

A

tubular horn

112
Q

is there a standard vaccine program for horses

A
  • no
  • evaluate:
  • risk of disease
  • consequences of disease
  • efficacy of product
  • potential for adverse rxn
  • cost of vaccine vs potential cost of disease
113
Q

main diseases in aus

A
  • tetanus (clostridium)
  • strangles
  • hendra
  • others include herpes, influenza, salmonella, rotavirus
114
Q

tetanus

A
  • bacterial disease that lives in soil; clostridium tetani
  • caused by bacteria entering the body through wounds
  • bacteria produces neurotoxin –> causes spastic paralysis (rigid limbs, erect ears, exposed third eyelids, difficulty walking, eating, drinking, breathing, death)
  • expensive and hard to cure
  • easy to prevent w vax (inactivated vaccine)
  • from 3months of age, 4 weeks after that, then every 12 months
115
Q

strangles

A

-streptococcus equi infection; passed from horse to horse through nasal/ oral secretions
- contagious but usually non fatal
- painful swallowing and breathing, cough, swollen lymph nodes, purulent nasal discharge
- vaccine is 12, 14 and 16 weeks, then annual booster

116
Q

hendra virus

A
  • henipavirus
  • bats –> horses –> humans
  • flying foxes infected do not show signs
  • many many different symptoms in horses
  • subunit vaccine
  • available and administered by vets only
  • all horses vaccinated must be microchipped
  • from 4 months old, then booster 3-6 weeks later, then booster 6 months later, then annual boosters
117
Q

adverse rate of hendra

A

-.28% which means one in every 350 but most are milkd

118
Q

what problems do worms cause

A
  • weight loss
  • tail rubbing
  • poor growth
  • diarrhea
  • colic
  • death
119
Q

types of worms

A
  • large strongyles ( historically important, uncommon now)
  • small strongyles (v common, cause disease when infection reaches high levels)
  • tapeworms
  • roundworms (in young horses)
  • pin worms
  • bots
  • habronema (summer sores)
120
Q

worm control startegies

A
  • worm every 6-8 weeks
  • frequent rotation of wormers
  • fecal egg counts; identify which horses require more frequent dosing
  • fecal egg count reduction testing (FECRT) to see if treatment worked
121
Q

low shedders, moderate and high shedders

A
  • low: 0-200 eggs per gram
  • moderate; 200-500 eggs per gram
  • high shedders; more than 500 eggs per gram
122
Q

foals deworming

A
  • roundworms and ascarids are most significant
  • treat 3-4x in first year, first dose at 2-3 months old
  • after 6 months old focus on strongyles
  • as they mature become immune to roundworm
  • as they mature should be treated as high shedding adults against strongyles, so 3-4 treatments each year
123
Q

managing environment for worms

A
  • remove feces every 3-5 days
  • worms are spread by eggs from eggs in feces developing into larva; takes about 3 days
  • avoid turning out foals or weanlings on pasture recently grazed by young adults
124
Q

worming tips

A
  • choose products that contain both macrocyclic lactones (-mectins) and praziquantal –> will cover against all types
  • dont underdose
  • perform FECs
125
Q

reproductive activity correlates to

A

day length
summer breeders

126
Q

maiden mares vs brood mares

A

maiden; haven’t had a foal yet
brood; multiparous

127
Q

gestation period

A

320-370, average 340 days

128
Q

estrus cycle

A
  • polyestrus
  • repeated cycles in spring and summer
  • average cycle length 21-22 days
  • estrus 4-7 days “in season”
    -diestrus 14-15 days
129
Q

how to determining estrus

A

TUW: tail up, urinating, winking

130
Q

ovulation

A

occurs around day 5 of estrus, mating must occur close to ovulation as possible, 0% chance of fertilization over 24hrs post ovulation

131
Q

if goal to have mare foal as close to aug 1 as possible should be bred

A

sep 15 year before
not usually cycling at this time so artificial lighting needed

132
Q

lighting to induce ovulation

A
  • 16 daylight, 8 hours dark
  • 8-10 weeks needed
  • flash lighting protocols; one hour exposure of artificial light given 9-10 hrs after sunset
133
Q

2 yr old colts can serve:
adult stallions can serve:

A

2 mares/ week
2 mares/ day or more

134
Q

daily sperm production (DSP) peaks in

A

spring/ summer

135
Q

stallion behaviour

A
  • seeks out mares via teasing
  • start at shoulder and progress to flank
  • flehman response
  • paddock breeding; may serve same mare repeatedly
  • aggression; protection of herd, drive mares to new area, aggressive towards other stallions
136
Q

hand serving requires daily

A

heat detection or scan ovaries
basically where mare is in estrus and restrained stallion is brought to breeding shed, teased and penis washed and then breeds

137
Q

paddock mating average conception rate

A

66%

138
Q

selection of breeding stock based on the 3P’s

A

pedigree, performance and prettiness

139
Q

in thoroughbred industry live foals/ mares covered 66% why is this the case?

A

1) inappropriate breeding season sep-dec to achieve bday of aug 1 instead of natural breeding season
2) selection of breeding stock on basis of performance rather than fertility
3) persevering w breeding from aging mares and stallions because of superior racing ability of their offspring
4) breeding all mares regardless of reproductive performance and when yearling prices are high

140
Q

different breeding systems

A
  • natural service; paddock and hand serving
  • AI
  • embryo transfer
  • cloning, icsi etc
141
Q

artificial insemination

A
  • banned in thoroughbreds
  • fresh, chilled or frozen
  • w good semen may get good preg rates 72 hrs prior to ovulation
  • extender protects sperm by preventing damage by seminal plasma, proving nutrients and cooling buffers and antibiotic component
    -250-500 million progressively motile sperm (PMS) inserted into mare (10-30ml)
142
Q

embryo transfer

A
  • for mares that can’t have foal (fertility issues, older, competition and must remain non preggo, or to get multiple offspring from mare in one season)
  • donor mare inseminated, embryo is flushed on day 7 and implanted into recipients mare (genetic offspring of donor)
  • offspring has donor mare genetics
143
Q

determining pregnancy (when US)

A
  • 11-16 days post breeding; don’t want twins; one is crushed
  • 30 days
  • 45 days; preg certs completed at this time
144
Q

foaling

A
  • valuable mares about to foal kept under continuous close observation
  • best in open yard w minimal interference
  • usually foal at night
  • udders begin to hypertrophy 7-14 days before, pelvic ligaments relax and vulva lengthens
  • milk drips means foal within 24 hr usually
145
Q

stage 1 foaling

A
  • uterine contractions and cervix dilation
  • varies in length
  • mare will leave herd
  • walks/ trots around yard
  • rolls, begins to sweat, looks at abdomen (false colic)
146
Q

stage 2 foaling

A
  • proper foaling
  • water breaks
  • usually mares lying down
  • 10-20 mins after water breaks foaling should occur (5 mins after forelegs should appear)
  • foal usually born w amnion
  • front feet and heard first
  • live foal will break its way out of sax
  • after delivery mare rises to feet and umbilical cord breaks
147
Q

stage 3 foaling

A
  • passing of placenta
  • occurs 15-120 mins after foal
  • if longer than 6 hours call vet
  • mare may show signs of colic
  • examine placenta
148
Q

maternal behaviour

A
  • bonding between mare and foal post partum
  • licking, nuzzling, vocalization, naturally protective
  • do not eat placenta
  • nursing behaviour
149
Q

neonate

A
  • should be standing 1 hour after birth, suckling within 2 hours, and placenta/ meconium passed by 3 hours (1,2,3 rule)
  • eyes and ears open
  • no acquired immunity at birth; supply of antibodies colostrum essential within 12 hours
  • exhaust quickly
  • sensitive to temp changes
150
Q

meconium

A
  • foals first feces after being born
  • can become impacted
151
Q

neonate considerations

A

1) clean umbilicus w dilute iodine
2) meconium impaction, more common in colts, enema
3) check for failure of passive transfer (colostrum)
- tetanus antitoxin

152
Q

foal rejection

A
  • more common in maiden mares (first birth)
  • human interruption of normal bodning?
  • head tossing, pinned ears, actively moving away
153
Q

foal heat

A
  • mares come into estrus 3-14 days post parturition
  • can conceive at this time but fertility lower than other cycles
154
Q

caslick’s operation

A
  • some mares have poor vulval conformation, allows feces and other contaminants into reproductive tract
  • decerases fertility
  • calicks operation is a vulvoplasty; seal vulval lips together
  • must be opened prior to breeding or foaling

vets 1025 (43 decks)

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