companion animal husbandry and management Flashcards
factors that effect the way animals are cared for and managed (4 things)
- principles of husbandry
- environmental enrichment
- housing
- basic anatomy and physiology
7 basic needs of all animals that ensure physical and mental wellbeing
WAPPECO
- warm, comfort and security
- companionship, mental stimulation and opportunities for expression of normal behaviours
- protection from disease and injury
- protection from fear and distress
- exercise
- appropriate feed and water
- opportunity to defecate and urinate away from sleeping and eating areas
what does warmth, comfort and security include
- appropriate temperature, humidity and light cycles
- dry and draught free
- darker areas for sleeping w suitable bedding
- somewhere to hide
what does protection from injury and disease include
- safe housing
- hygiene and cleaning
- health care
what do exercise requirements depend on (4 things)
breed, age, health status, life age
feed needs to be what 5 things
- complete (contain all 6 classes of essential nutrients)
- balanced
- digestible and utilisable
- palatable
- acceptable
what are the 6 classes of essential nutrients
water, carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
how often should you replace water and how many sources
replace daily, 2 sources
what is the purpose of environmental enrichment
process of adding one or more factors to an animals environment in order to improve the physical and psychological welfare of the animal
what are the 4 attributes of the environment which together meet an animals psychological needs
NACS
- security (most important)
- complexity (locomotive and exploratory activities)
- achievement (controlling their environment ex a kong)
- novelty (a degree of unpredictability)
housing depends on
- breed of dog vs type of home
- purpose of animal
- facility design
what are some housing situations for cats
indoor, outdoor, individual commercial housing, combination
what are some housing situations for dogs
outdoor, indoor, run, corridor, circular parasol
what must be done prior to disinfecting
good and thorough cleaning
4 elements of an effective sanitation program
1) clean then disinfect
2) use effective products
3) clean where it counts and be meticulous
4) minimize stress and fomite transmission
what is a carrier
an animal which is infected and infectious to other animals but not currently showing signs of disease
a carrier can be animals that are (3 things)
- just about to get sick
- recently recovered
- chronically infected
what are modes of tranmission
vectors, direct contact, droplets, airborne, fomites
what is dose effect
to create a disease you need more than one or 2 germs, often dose is in millions or billions, therefore higher the dose higher the likelihood of disease, faster transmission, more severe disease
dose required depends on both
virulence of germ in question and the animal’s immune status
true or false, when looking at sanitation methods we need to attain zero dose
false, just lower dose enough that animals immune system can ward off the rest
soap/ detergent
cleaning agent which works by suspending the dirt and grease, do not kill microorganisms
disinfectant
chemical agent which kills harmful microorganisms, does not remove dirt or grease
degreaser;
more powerful soap/ detergent specially formulated to penetrate layers of dried on body oils and other greasy debris
what should be the order of cleaning
cleanest areas + most vulnerable animals first (iso)
most contaminated areas and least vulnerable animals last (treatment)
in terms of litter _____ is better
less
litter tray can act as a
fomite
what material should you use for food and water bowls
stainless steel
cats have a large olfactory mucosa, what does this indicate
importance of smell
what are functions of cat tongue
eating, grooming, temperature detection, taste
what does the cats vomeronasal organ (VNO) do
detects pheremones
what is the flehman response
when the animal lifts its head after finding an odorant, wrinkle its nose, lift lups and cease to breathe in order to direct inhaled compounds to the vomeronasal organ (VNO)
what is the most highly developed sense for dogs
smell
is there a flehman response in dogs
some say yes some say no
where is the dogs VNO
near hard palate
what are some examples of dogs using their nose for social interaction
initial greeting nose to nose (naso-naso)
life story via smelling anal glands (naso-ano)
cats vision is designed to
collect maximum amount of light
true or false sight is highly developed in a cat
true
what is tapetum lucidum in a cats eye
mirror like structure which creates green shine at night that enables sight un almost total darkness
what does a cats third eyelid do
lubricate the cornea
can cats see colour
yes with limited perception, better than dogs
true or false sight is highly developed in the dog
true
although visual detail and silhouette is poor
true or false dogs are more aware of movement at the front of them
false, more aware of movement at side of head
can cat ears (pinna) move independently of eachother
yes, can be pricked towards sound with amazing accuracy to pinpoint prey
who has higher frequency hearing, cats or dogs
cats
cats sensitive hearing allows for what (socialization wise)
wide range of vocalizations for communicating
dogs hearing can play an important role in
orientation
like cats, dog hearing can also
rapidly pinpoint where a noise is coming from
how many teeth do cats have, how many upper and lower, what are the types and what are they used for
30 total, 16 upper, 14 lower
- tiny incisors: ripping and scraping
- canines; holding, killing, tearing
- premolars and molars used to cut meat into ingestible pieces because cats cannot chew
dog teeth, how many, upper and lower, what kinds and what used for
42 total, 20 upper, 22 lower
- incisors; cutting and nibbling
- canines; holding and tearing
- premolars; cutting, holding, shearing
-molars; grinding
how to gender a cat
- vulva: vertical slit
- penile opening; circle with scrotum on top
- distance between anus and genitals is bigger in males
- think female anatomy looks like a lollipop w anus close to vertical slit (ew lol)
how to sex a puppy
penis further up their belly under umbilical cord
vulva much closer to anus
how young can cats experience first heat
4 months
how long is cats heat cycle
14-21 days, length of oestrous is about 4 days
described cats ovulation
INDUCED ovulators, polyoestrus but experience anoestrus in autumn and late winter, can come into season again shortly after giving birth
polyoestrous and anoestrus meaning
having more than one period of estrus a year (heat)
anoestrus is a period of sexual inactivity
how long does sex last for cats
several hours in unacquainted pairs or very brief in cats who know eachother
*genital contact lasts 10 seconds at the most
*experienced males rarely get beaten up
what does cat ejaculation induce and why
loud piercing cry from female with explosive separation, due to anatomy of penis, stress invoked stimulates the nervous and hormonal reactions that induce ovulation
when do bitches experience their first heat
6-8 months of age
dogs are dioestrous, what does that mean
they go into heat twice a year
how long does dog oestrus (heat) last
4-13 days (usually 9)
what happens during dog intercourse and why
tying, engorgement of glands penis, locks penis in vagina while ejaculation occurs, can last 5-20 mins ish
how long is dog gestation
63 days
how long is cat gestation
65 days
when does dog vs cat ovulation occur
dogs is spontaneous, cats is 24-56 hours post mating
nutrition is
the science of the interaction of a substance with part of animal to promote optimal performace and/or function
dietetics is
provision of food in order to supply nutrients in the amounts and proportions that promote a specified performance
energy is measured in
kcal
how many calories in 1 kcal
1000 calories= 1kcal
a calorie is measure by
the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water by 1 degrees at a specified temp
digestibility is the porportion digested by the animal, which is the difference between
content of nutrient (%DM dry matter) in food and quantity (%DM) in feces
bioavailability
relationship between amount of nutrient absorbed and the amount utilized by the body
nutrients are measured on (3 things)
- % fed
- % dry matter (DM) refers to non water nutrients of a diet
- on a caloric basis (amount of nutrient per kcal of metabolizable energy) *** best for comparing diets
6 major classes of nutrients found in food
water
carbs
fat
protein
minerals
vitamins
way to remember: when can fat people visit me
what class of nutrient is required in the largest amount
water
generally how much water do dogs and cats require
33-66ml/kg/day
dogs approx = to MER
cats approx = to RER
factors affecting water intake
- temp
- type of diet
- exercise
- physiologic state
- health
vitamins are classified as: (2)
fat soluble (ADE,K)
- require fat and bile salts for absorption, stored in body lipid deposits- more resistant to deficiency, more likely to cause toxicity
water soluble (B complex and C)
- limited storage; increased depletion rate and greater risk of deficiency
what are the macro minerals
calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and sodium
what are the micro minerals
copper, iron, Magnesium, zinc
Ca:P ratio is crucial in diets, what is ideal ratio what what do they do
1.2 : 1
work together to maintain growth and structure of skeletal system
fibre can be referred to as ____ or _____
soluble or insoluble
is fibre essential? what does it do?
- technically no
- binds water and increases fecal bulk
- influences nutrient absorption and adsorption
- maintains the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosa
what are the energy yielding nutrients (3)
carbs, proteins, fats
how much of the dry matter is used for energy
50-80%
what is GE
gross energy; heat produced when the doos is completely burned
what is FE
fecal energy; energy lost in feces
what is UE
urinary energy; energy lost from urine
what is GPD
gaseous products of digestion; energy lost as gases from the GI tract
what is DE
digestible energy = GE-FE
what is ME
metabolizable energy
what is NE, what are the two types
net energy,
NE for maintenance (Nem) and NE for production (Nep) (ie growth, lactation, reproduction etc) or used for both (nem+p)
for NE for production energy is lost as heat during digestion, absorption and use of foods, what is this referred to as?
heat increment (HI)
4 types of carbs, what they used for
1) monosaccarides
2) disaccharides
3) oligosaccharides
4) polysaccharides
- primarily used as energy source but may be converted to body fat for storage
protein and amino acids usually comprise how how of dry matter of foods
20-50%
what are the 2 types of amino acids;
- non essential; made by the body
- essential; not synthesized by body at all or rate is too slow to meet demands
two types of essential amino acids for cats only
arginine and taurine, only found in animal tissue, cats have high requirements due to low rate of synthesis and high loss through intestine
cats are obligate ____
carnivores
they do not have range of biochemical processes that convert nutrient from plant and animal sources into what they require, must obtain these nutrients through animal sources
*not only obtained by eating flesh but they exploit digestive processes of their prey and eat digested vegetables from prey
dogs are (carnivore, omnivore, herbivore?)
omnivores
3 methods of feeding
- ad lib; food always available
- time restricted: more food than animal requires for specified time 3-5 mins usually
- food restricted: feeding set amount based on caloric density and nutritional/ metabolic requirements
food requirements for optimal health influenced by
- individual variation
- temp, humidity, air movement
- stress
- physical activity
- stage of life
- health status
how is energy requirements determined
by calculating resting energy requirements RER measured as kcal/day
linear equation: 30x BW+70 (limited to 2-45 kg)
or
exponential equation 70 x BW^0.75
maintenance energy requirement (MER) calculated by
multiplying RER by pre-determined factors
calculating amount to feed
MER / metabolizable energy in food = amount to feed
dogs prefer ____, _____ meals
cats prefer _____, _____ meals
large infrequent
small frequent
what is a way owners accidentally make their cats fat
they thinking feeding them more will stop hunting
or they think hunting= hunger (it doesn’t they just have strong hunting drive)
feeding amount of base diet should be reduced by ____% to allow for treats
10%
what is the purpose of a regular weigh in, what is it useless without
- helps detect trends in weight
- useless unless accompanies by BCS
what are clinical indicators of nutrition
- coat and skin health
- gas production
- activity level
- skeletal health
- defecation frequency and consistency
what are 2 nutritional goals
- optimal feeding to maximize physiologic health
- by improving external indicators of health and also improving function of internal organ system
