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vets 1025 > beef cattle all lectures > Flashcards

beef cattle all lectures Flashcards

1
Q

family and genus

A

bovidae, bos

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2
Q

evolution

A

2-3 separated events
- descended from aurochs (bos primigenius) now extinct

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3
Q

bovid

A

any animal of bos genus

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4
Q

bovine

A

adjective of animal of bos genus

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5
Q

ox

A

generic term for individual bovid

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6
Q

cattle

A

group of animals of bos genus

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7
Q

bull

A

male bovid

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8
Q

cow

A

adult female who has had at least one calf

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9
Q

heifer

A

female has not had calf yet

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10
Q

steer

A

desexed/ castrated male

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11
Q

calf

A

young bovid under one year old

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12
Q

weaner

A

6-12 months old animal (deciduous teeth retained)

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13
Q

weaning

A

separating suckling calves from mother permanently

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14
Q

yearling

A

12 month old animal

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15
Q

bullock

A

castrated male over 2 years old

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16
Q

free martin

A

female twin in mixed sex twins, usually sterile

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17
Q

store

A

animal before fattening, usually older than a weaner

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18
Q

dam

A

animals female parent

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19
Q

sire

A

animals male parent

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20
Q

first calf heifer

A

breeder cow having had her first calf

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21
Q

breeder

A

cow used for breeding purposes

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22
Q

spay

A

female whose ovaries have been removed

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23
Q

webbing

A

severing the fallopian tubes w ovaries intact in the female

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24
Q

mickey

A

young intact male, usually undesirable for breeding purposes

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25
Q

maiden

A

unmated heifer

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26
Q

slink

A

aborted calf or found in utero at slaughter

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27
Q

springer

A

heifer or cow about the calve

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28
Q

mob/herd

A

group of animals

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29
Q

1 acre = how many hectare

A

0.4

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30
Q

clean skin

A

unbranded or tagged

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31
Q

stag

A

bull castrated late in life; showing male characteristics

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32
Q

fat

A

an animal fat enough for slaughter

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33
Q

cracker

A

old cow, often low fat depths, yielding low quality meat

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34
Q

boner

A

animal yielding low quality meat

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35
Q

cull

A

an animal culled from the herd because of age/ infertility etc

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36
Q

bogan/ mallee/ cocky’s/ rails

A

gates made from barbed wire w usually a lever latch

drop the bogan= open the gate

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37
Q

thurl

A

hip joint

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38
Q

ruminants have

A

3 fore stomachs before the true stomach
1) rumen (paunch; left side of a cow)
2) reticulum (honeycomb)
3) omasum (bible)
4) abomasum (true stomach)

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39
Q

how many L of fluid in rumen in adult

A

100 L

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40
Q

paunch

A

lining in rumen likened to shag pile carpeting

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41
Q

rumen

A
  • storage vat for fermentation
  • microbial population digests or ferments feed by the animal
  • absorbs most of the VFA produced from fermentation
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42
Q

microbe pop in rumen

A

protozoa, bacteria, fungi

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43
Q

primary vs secondary rumen contractions

A
  • primary; originate in reticulum, moving caudally around the rumen and mixing contents
  • secondary; cranial reticulorumen involvement for rumination (chewing cud)
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44
Q

reticulum

A
  • pouch- like structure, w the inner lining resembling a honeycomb
  • collect small particles and move to omasum
  • larger particles move to rumen
  • location for bolus formation to be chewed again
  • fold of tissues between reticulorumen, but not strictly separate
  • heavy or dense feed and metal objects drop into this compartment
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45
Q

rumination

A

bringing up bolus of feed to chew

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46
Q

where is location where heavy or dense feed/ metal objects go

A

reticulum

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47
Q

omasum

A
  • butchers bible
  • globe-shaped structure contains leaves of tissue
  • absorbs water and other substances from digestive contents
  • ingesta drier here than other areas
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48
Q

abomasum

A
  • true stomach
  • has glandular lining
  • hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed for breakdown of feed, are secreted into the abomasum
  • comparable to the stomach of non- ruminant
  • pH 3.5-4.0
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49
Q

ruminant small intestine

A

similar to other species; aids in digestion and absorption

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50
Q

ruminant large intestine

A
  • similar to other species; major water absorption
  • spiral colon
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51
Q

ruminants dental conformation

A
  • hard dental pad
  • diastema between incisors and molars
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52
Q

how many bites a day do cattle do

A

25 000 to 40 000 bites a day
wrap their tongue around forage to bring toward mouth

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53
Q

in calves; oesophageal groove so

A

milk bypasses rumen and reticulum, use abomasum more

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54
Q

saliva has high concentrations of

A

bicarbonate and phosphorus
- nitrogen recycling
- lipase and amylase

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55
Q

ruminant teeth movement

A

crush and grind forage, lateral movement

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56
Q

cattle can be aged by eruption of their permanent incisors:

A
  • 0: less than 18 months
  • 1-2: 18-30 months (1-2 years)
  • 3-4; 24-36 months (2-3yrs)
  • 5-6: 30-42 months (3 ish)
  • 7; 36-48 months (4 yr ish)
  • 8: 42+ months, 4 yrs

around 1 pair per year

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57
Q

bos taurus

A
  • chunky, shorter, teddy bears around face, ears pointing up
  • european
  • adapted to cooler climates
  • heavier muscling
  • higher marbling and increased tenderness
  • better flavour
  • early maturity and faster growth rates early
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58
Q

bos indicus

A
  • tall, lanky, ears lower
  • originated from indian zebu or brahman
  • adapted to hot and arid climates
  • typically have larger ears and a shorter coat
  • parasite resistance
  • lower fertility
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59
Q

angus; black and red

A
  • bos taurus british breed
  • developed mainly in south-eastern regions
    -excellent carcass quality; marbling and tenderness
  • great mothering and milking
  • red angus increased in popularity; red gives comparative heat tolerance advantage
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60
Q

beef shorthorns

A
  • bos taurus british breed
  • first registered breed in aus
  • red, white or roan
  • high reproductive performance, thrive in many harsh climatic conditions
  • basis of the northern beef herd
  • good marbling
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61
Q

poll and horned herefords

A
  • bos taurus; british breed
  • dominant breed throughout southern aus
  • expansion of this breed was dueto opening of UK market
  • docile
  • good feed efficiency
  • mostly red w white face and chest and socks
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62
Q

other bos taurus; british breeds

A
  • murray grey
  • red poll
  • south devon/ devon
  • galloway
  • lincoln red
  • briitsh white
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63
Q

charolais

A
  • bos taurus; european breed
  • good growth rate
  • heavy muscle, large frame
  • good carcass yields
  • in pic white and BUFF
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64
Q

simmental

A
  • bos taurus; european
  • good growth rate
  • good carcass yield
  • deep reddy brown
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65
Q

gelbvieh

A
  • bos taurus; european
  • good growth rates
  • improved tick reisstance
  • good carcass characteristics
  • pixie colour
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66
Q

brown swiss

A
  • dual purpose
  • bos taurus; european
  • good growth rates
  • large frame
  • good milkers
  • brown/ grey
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67
Q

other bos taurus europeans

A
  • limousin
  • chianina
  • blonde d’aquitaine
  • romanogla
  • maine anjou
  • belgian blue
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68
Q

waygu

A
  • bos taurus
  • japan
  • derived from native asian cattle
  • noted for their marbling
  • 4 breeds in japan
  • japanese black
  • japanese brown (red)
  • nihon tankaku (japanese shorthorn) - lean
  • japanese polled (mukaku) - lean
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69
Q

bos indicus; brahmans

A
  • adaptability of bos indicus cattle to Northern aus
  • particularly genetic resistance to ticks, heat and humid climate tolerance
  • tropically adapted
  • good foraging
  • dominate pastoral regions of northern aus
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70
Q

droughtmaster

A
  • bos indicus
  • australian
  • heat tolerance
  • parasite resistance
  • high fertility
  • ease of calving
  • digestive efficiency
  • docile
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71
Q

bos indicus; cross breeds

A
  • crossbreeding is mating of 2 or more breeds to take advantages of heterosis or hybrid vigour
  • new breeds are stabilized over time
  • vary in % of brahman
  • heat tolerance and parasite resistance w a level of meat quality as a critical issue
  • all australian except santa gertrudis (texan)
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72
Q

types of bos indicus crossbreeds

A
  • santa gertrudis (texan)
  • charbrae (aus)
  • brangus (aus)
  • greyman (aus)
  • braford (aus)
73
Q

tropically adapted breeds

A
  • attributes of bos taurus plus tropically adapted
  • tuli
  • belmont red
  • senepol
74
Q

specialist breeds

A
  • aus low line
  • dexter
  • square meater
75
Q

cattle are prey so

A
  • herding and comfort and strength in numbers
  • easily startled resulting is a physiological response
  • rest periods important
76
Q

how much do they graze per day

A
  • graze and browse 8-9 hours a day
  • during active grazing, continual tearing and minimal chewing
  • non discriminatory eaters
77
Q

vision

A
  • monocular panoramic
  • limited binocular
  • wide set eyes, slit pupils
  • wide monocular vision 330 degrees
  • 25-55 degrees of binocular vision
  • blind spot directly behind
  • designed for scanning distance
  • limited ability to focus close up
  • can see colour
  • poor depth perception
78
Q

what does them being non discriminatory eaters mean

A
  • lead to ingestion of string, plastic- impaction
  • result in hardware disease; peritonitis
  • pica; chewing bones
  • BUT are selective in terms of preferred species and avoiding toxic plants
79
Q

how often ruminate and when

A
  • 4-8 hours a day
  • typically in middle/ heat of day
80
Q

is grazing a learned behaviour

A

yes

81
Q

for grazing how many bites per min at 8 weeks of age and at 18 weeks of age

A
  • 8 weeks: 14 bites per min
  • 18 weeks: 50 bites per min
82
Q

rumination is roughly ___% of time spent grazing

A

75%

83
Q

rumination occurs while

A

resting

84
Q

resting is dependent on

A
  • environmental conditions
  • time spent ruminating and grazing
  • breed
85
Q

spend __% of day in active sleep

A

3

86
Q

temperment

A
  • social
  • seek protection
  • trainable and tractable
  • require lots of fences of electric fences to contain
  • affectionate and playful when conditioned to human interaction
  • can be protective of young
  • fight or flight
87
Q

which is more excitable: bos indicus or bos taurus

A

bos indicus

88
Q

do cows prefer going uphill or downhill and why

A

uphill, due to vision

89
Q

some things that make cattle baulk

A
  • light/ dark transitions (shadows)
  • objects directly infront of them
90
Q

cattle hearing

A
  • more sensitive to high frequency noises
  • most sensitive at 8000 hz
  • unexpected or loud nosies cause stress
91
Q

cattle smell

A
  • constantly sniff pasture while grazing
  • baulk and vocalize at smell of blood and offal
  • secondary olfactory system can detect pheromones and volatile chemicals important for feed selection and avoidance
  • flehman
92
Q

flight zone

A
  • aka the bubble
  • cows personal space
  • will move away
  • different for every cow
  • affected by genetics, environment and training
  • use flight zone and point of balance to create and stop movement and put direction on movement
93
Q

how to move a cow; hierarchy of options

A
  • movement and positioning
  • exaggerated/ assertive movement
  • noise
  • waddy, stick, stock mover
  • paddle
  • tail twist
  • electric jigger (last resort)
94
Q

4 key instincts

A

1) herd animals
2) want to move in direction they are facing
3) prey; want to see what is pressuring them
4) want a release of pressure; move away from danger

95
Q

new stimuli and situations

A
  • curious but cautious
  • want to investigate new objects
  • lower their heads to investigate; better vision and engages smell
96
Q

reproductive behaviours in wild herds

A
  • breeding is tied to nutrition
  • matriarchal herds
  • bulls join herd for mating but otherwise run in bachelor groups or alone
  • dominance hierarchy amongst bulls
  • largest are generally most dominant
97
Q

reproductive behaviours: mounting

A
  • indicator of reproductive stage
  • mounted cow is approaching standing estrus
  • mounting cow can be approaching this as well
  • in bulls and steers for establishing dominance
98
Q

calves as young as a ____ can display mounting

A

week
as a play behaviour
mimicry of adult behaviour
hierarchy establishment

99
Q

______ dominant females often initiate

_____ females may not participate

A
  • bos taurus
  • bos indicus
100
Q

_____ show more mounting behaviours than _____

A

dairy breeds, beef

101
Q

females estrus

A
  • polyoestrus
  • polygynous and promiscuous
  • estrous cycle is hormonally driven
  • expression and signalling is behavioural
  • influenced by stress, extreme weather, nutrition
102
Q

bulls libido

A
  • hereditary
  • not part of breeding soundness exam, assessed by observation
  • active all year round
  • triggered by new stimuli; Coolidge effect
103
Q

bull courtship

A
  • elicit or detect standing heat
  • most dominant bull (often the largest has greatest female access)
104
Q

pitfalls of dominance-based selection

A
  • dominant bull may be infertile
  • bulls injured or distracted by establishing dominance
105
Q

successful moutning

A
  • both innate and learned behavior
  • young bulls require practice before achieving successful mating
  • copulation rapidly follows mounting
  • ejaculation 1-2 seconds from intromission
  • cow will stand for repeated joinings
  • bulls often repeat the joining process multiple times over short window to ensure conception
106
Q

maternal behaviours before parturition

A
  • separation 1-2 before caving
  • shelter seeking
  • nest building
107
Q

maternal behaviours immediately after parturition

A
  • cleaning of calf
  • stimulate to stand
  • allow to nurse
  • defensive
  • all genetically linked and hereditary
  • risk of mis-mothering or not joining up
108
Q

maternal- offspring behaviours

A
  • suckling; 2-5 hrs post parturition, mother must stand
  • licking of calf to; stimulate breathing and circulation initially and the stimulate urination/ defecation
  • young hidden near birth site while placenta eaten
  • hiding behaviour continues over time with calves being parked in a communal nursery, w single cow guarding
  • never stand between mother and calf
  • claves follow mother and learn grazing patterns
109
Q

fostering can occur

A

naturally and by intervention

110
Q

calves which have been parked, particularly w out a nursey, can startle

3 outcomes;

A
  • bolt and vocalize excessively
  • bolt silently
  • charge
111
Q

startling a calf can result in

A
  • mis mothering and startler being run down by mother
112
Q

aus is the ____ largest beef exporter

A

fourth
after bazil, india, USA

113
Q

is beef consumption increasing

A

yes

114
Q

aus beef and veal production by state

A

qld; 47%
nsw; 22%
vic; 20%

115
Q

what percent of all aus farms carry beef cattle

A

50%
most common and widely dispersed agricultural activity in aus

116
Q

nlis, pic, nvd, lpa

A
  • national livestock id system, connected to pic
  • property id code
  • national vendor declaration forms (NVD if sale, waybill if just movement, in order to do this need to do LPA welfare module)
  • livestock production assurance (welfare module)
117
Q

first and second gestation nutrition

A

first; maintenance+ growth+ pregnancy

second: maintenance + lactation + pregnancy

118
Q

AACo

A
  • australian agricultural company
  • corporate
  • vertically integrated supply chain
  • strategic balance of properties, feedlots and farms
  • 7 million hectares of land in qld and northern territory
  • australias largest cattle herd w around 400 000 head
119
Q

large family owned and operated farms

A
  • commonly multi-generational
  • can be traced back to first settlement of the country in one family
  • can be large holding, often more than one station/ farm
  • often vertically integrated
  • can be diversified
  • additional properties purchased in strategic locations
  • can be first generational investment of lifestyle change
120
Q

medium size holdings

A
  • can be multi-generational w a rich local history
  • can be v profitable, in fertile country
  • not usually corporately owned
  • can be privately owned or managed
  • may still be vertically integrated
  • nation wide, but more common is coastal areas
  • may be supported by off-farm employment
121
Q

small holdings, peri-urban, prickle farmers

A
  • smaller acreage
  • full time, part-time or weekenders
  • can be profitibale if well managed
  • still feed into mainstream production channels
  • may focus on stud/ seed stock to increase income
  • can still be diversified
  • lots of clients for vets
  • profitability not as important as lifestyle
  • still must work to industry requirements
122
Q

what shapes the industry

A

climate

123
Q

rangelands, what percent of aus, what does it include

A
  • over 75% of aus
  • tropical savannas
  • woodlands
  • shrublands
  • grasslands
  • low annual rainfall and variable climates
  • arid, semi-arid and seasonally high rainfall areas
124
Q

north is ___ rainfall

A

summer

125
Q

south is _____ rainfall

A

winter

126
Q

northern beef, summer rainfall, qld example

A
  • 1.5 million hectares
  • lots of land
  • tropical, sub tropical
  • stocking rate 1 cow per 60 Ha
  • need a lot more cows per farm to make money
127
Q

winter rainfall southern beef, vic example

A
  • average size 400 Ha
  • temperate pastures
  • 2 cows/ Ha
128
Q

types of pastures

A
  • arid
  • introduced buffel grass
  • sub-tropical good groundcover
  • using legumes for pasture improvement
  • native kangaroo grass
  • lush temperate
129
Q

c3 grass and c4 grass quality and production

A

c3; higher feed quality lower production
c4; low feed quality, higher production

refers to carbon pathways during photosynthesis

130
Q

summer rainfall pastures

A
  • tropical and subtropical pastures predominantly (C4)
  • fast growing
  • responsive to rain X warm temps X long day length
131
Q

extensive vs intensive

A

extensive; lots of land
intensive; not a lot of land, lots of animals

132
Q

most common farm types in aus

A
  • extensive grazing native pasture
  • extensive grazing pasture improved
133
Q

nutrient deficiencies in soils lead to

A

nutrient deficiencies in plants and limit plant growth
which both lead to decreased production

134
Q

what is low in tropical areas
(north)

A

phosphorus leads to phosphorus deficiency and prevalence of botulism

135
Q

what is low in temperate grasses
(south)

A

magnesium, leads to grass tetany

136
Q

foot rot may occur in ___ areas due to
(south)

A

temperate areas with wet ground

137
Q

what increases with increased stocking densities (south)

A
  • parasites and disease transmission routes
138
Q

most costly disease

A

cattle tick

139
Q

cattle tick

A
  • tick worry and blood loss, leads to loss of condition and sometimes death
  • they can also carry and transmit tick fever
140
Q

where is cattle tick found in aus

A

north

141
Q

BTEC

A
  • brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication scheme;
  • 1970s, successful but caused major disruption to cattle producers in norther aus
  • as a result the northern aus cattle industry was well positioned to take advantage of the live cattle trade to south east asia, emerged in 90s
142
Q

beef industry limitations

A
  • high frequency of drought, flood and bushfire across the landscape
  • large geographic diversity of beef enterprises
  • declining availability of skilled labor
  • older industry age structure
  • variations in the global beef market
  • increasing land value
  • disease/ parasites
143
Q

extensive pastoral properties
(north)

A
  • cattle run extensively on native pastures
  • 1 cow per 200-300 acres
  • must be able to forage efficiently
  • indicus
144
Q

intensive beef, south

A
  • smaller in area
  • higher stocking rates
  • cattle handled more often
  • taurus
  • high rainfall areas
  • more temperate regions
145
Q

feedlots

A
  • feeding period 60-300 days
  • can be over a million head
  • both north and south
  • increasing in number
  • use variety of grains and forages
  • needs to be near concentrate production
146
Q

feedlot characteristics

A
  • hard, free draining pad
  • excellent hygiene
  • rigorous biosecurity
  • individual health monitoring
  • low stress handling
  • backgrounding before entry
  • access to feed and water
  • expert nutritionist
  • access to markets and processing
147
Q

how many on a ship for live export, what is required

A

5-10 000
on ship vet required

148
Q

where does live export go

A

indonesia, egypt, israel, turkey, russia, lebanon, jordan, juwait, iran, Bahrain, qatar, pakistan, china etc

149
Q

why live export

A
  • don’t have access to many refrigerators in some countries
  • cultural and religious reasons
  • improving herd genetics in the importing country
150
Q

mating age, why

A
  • 14-15 months to calve at 2 years of age
  • increase number of calves in a lifetime
  • usually requires supplemental feeding post weaning to enhance growth rates
151
Q

factors for choosing age to join heifers

A

breeds and genetics, age, body weight and nutrition

152
Q

growth rates influenced by

A

genetics, pasture quantity and quality, supplementation

153
Q

how many calves do bulls have in a lifetime

A

100-200+

154
Q

how many calves do cows produce in a lifetime

A

5-8

155
Q

colostrum

A
  • calves born w no immunity
  • immunoglobulins to prevent disease
  • 2-4 L within 6 hours
  • ability to absorb declines by 50% at 12 hours and 0% at 24 hrs
156
Q

when does weaning occur

A
  • around 5-6 months old
  • focused on maintenance of breeder BCS
  • earlier age, increased need for crude protein and energy
  • training to eat from racks and troughs
  • challenges of immune system
157
Q

why might cows be culled

A
  • empty at preg diagnosis (must reconceive within 82 days of calving)
  • difficulties calving at last calving
  • unsound feet or legs
  • damaged or lost teeth
  • over 10 yrs old
  • inability to get a calf to weaning
158
Q

major limiting nutrients of supplementary feeding

A
  • dry matter (fiber)
  • protein
  • energy
  • P, S
  • vitamins and minerals
  • water
159
Q

must ID cows with a triangular ear punch that have been treated with

A

hormone growth promotants (HGP)

160
Q

when is branding compulsory

A

when they are offered for sale in QLD

161
Q

exemptions from branding

A
  • approved stud cattle sales
  • claves under 100kg
  • taken directly to slaughter
  • temporary in 2020/2021 w a live weight over 100kg??? covid measure
162
Q

hot iron branding

A
  • best way to prove ownership
  • permanent
  • restraint essential
  • never on wet, weak or emaciated cattle
  • 2-6 months of age
  • max 2-3 seconds
163
Q

freeze branding

A
  • dark coats
  • liquid nitrogen- expensive
  • painless
164
Q

dehorning under 2 months

A

hot iron, disbudding knife

165
Q

dehorning 2-6 months

A

scoop dehorners or cup dehorners

166
Q

dehorning over 6 months

A

guillotine, tippers or foetotomy wire

167
Q

reasons for castration

A
  • prevent undesirable bulls from breeding
  • behavioural control
168
Q

when should castration occur

A
  • as young as possible
  • change antiseptic solution and replace scalpel blades every 15-20 calves
169
Q

do not castrate an animal unless

A
  • 2 normal testes
  • free moving testicles palpated
170
Q

most effective castration

A
  • surgical
  • under 6 months of age
  • scalpel + emasculator
  • knife/ scalpel
  • henderson tool
171
Q

non surgical castration

A
  • burdizzo; crush; bloodless, confirmation of success difficult
  • elastrator; UNDER 2 weeks old, painful, risk of tetatnus
172
Q

vaccines start when

A
  • start at weaning/ branding
  • then yearling
  • then 2 yrs old
  • annually
173
Q

internal and external parasites

A
  • internal; intestinal worms, liver fluke
  • external; cattle tick, paralysis tick, lice, buffalo fly
174
Q

vaccines

A

5 in 1; clostridium
7 in 1; clostridium + lepto

175
Q

genetic technology

A
  • AI
  • super ovulation and embryo transfer
  • in vitro fertilization
  • cloning
176
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

-30 to +27 degree C
above; panting, reduced food, reduced lying

below: huddling, orientate towards sun, shivering

177
Q

rangelands welfare issues

A
  • feed availability
  • ectoparasites
  • disease
  • transport
  • routine operations
  • predation
  • drought
  • flood
  • fire
    (extensive)
178
Q

feedlot welfare issues

A
  • heat stress/ shade
  • mud/ feces drainage
  • dust
  • flies
  • buller steer syndrome
  • penis damage
  • bovine resp disease

vets 1025 (44 decks)

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