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vets 1025 > pigs > Flashcards

pigs Flashcards

1
Q

juvenile pigs

A
  • sucker or piglets
  • weaner
  • grower
  • finisher
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2
Q

sucker or piglet

A

pig between birth and weaning

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3
Q

weaner

A

pig that has been weaned up to around 30kg (around 8 weeks of age)

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4
Q

grower or porker

A

20- 60 kg

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5
Q

sale/ market porker

A

sold at 9-16 weeks 70kg

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6
Q

finisher

A

about 50-100kg

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7
Q

sale/ market baconer

A

sold at 17-24 weeks 100+kg

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8
Q

mature pigs

A
  • boar
  • barrow
  • sow
  • gilt
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9
Q

boar

A

entire male over 9 months

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10
Q

barrow

A

castrated male

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11
Q

sow

A

adult female which has had one or more litters

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12
Q

gilt

A

female that has not yet given birth

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13
Q

herd size

A

number of sows in a herd

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14
Q

giving birth is called

A

farrowing

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15
Q

farrowing rate

A

number of sows mates that actually farrow

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16
Q

weaning

A

permanent separation of sow and suckers

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17
Q

2 domestication events recorded (but up to 6 possible)

A
  • near east 9000 years before present
  • far east (china) around 5000-7000 years before present
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18
Q

in 18th/19th centures

A

asian bigs hybridized with european pigs

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19
Q

our domestic pigs originated from

A

eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa)

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20
Q

what family are pigs in, how many species

A

suidae
16 species

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21
Q

wild boar

A
  • wild pigs, not in aus
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22
Q

feral pig

A

domestic animals that have reverted back to wild pop
in australia

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23
Q

pigs are highly

A

adaptable; able to thrive in large range of environments

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24
Q

large white

A
  • most common in aus
  • large framed, long middle and light shoulders
  • erect ears
  • pink skin
  • perform well in intensive farming
  • quick growth rate, deep sides for bacon
  • excellent dow
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25
Q

landrace

A
  • second most pop in aus
  • developed for bacon market
  • drooped ears cover most of face
  • white/pink
  • long middle, light forequarters, excellent hams and good for pork production
  • improved carcass quality
  • more fat than large white
  • early maturing, smaller litters, good mothering
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26
Q

duroc

A
  • red/brown
  • droopy ears
  • used in cross breeding
  • good sows, produce large litters
  • late maturing
  • heavy carcass, fast growth, good feed efficiency
  • often used as third breed mated to white cross sow
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27
Q

berkshire

A
  • oldest registered breed
  • black with varying amounts of white (more on leg)
  • good quality meat
  • erect ears and more dished face, shorter necks
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28
Q

hampshire

A
  • one of oldest breeds in usa
  • black in colour w white belt totally circling body, including both front legs and feet (wearing a longsleeve)
  • erect ears
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29
Q

welsh

A
  • can be yellow-white but possible to be spotted black and white
  • floppy ears
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29
Q

wessex saddle back

A
  • black and white, similar marking as hampshire but more white (also wearing longsleeve)
  • more of a combo of 2 breeds from essex and wessex
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30
Q

large black

A
  • large black w floppy ears
  • not common
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31
Q

tamworth

A
  • red like duroc but more adapted to extensive systems
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32
Q

pet breeds/ minis

A
  • combo of breeds
  • it is illegal to keep feral pigs
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33
Q

F1

A

F1 gilts are first cross daughters of pure bred parents, 100% hybrid vigour

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34
Q

F1 attributes include

A

litter size, milk production, growth rate and lower backfat

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35
Q

terminal sire line (TSL)

A

boars are selected for growth and carcass attributes, not litter size

usually crossbred beeds

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36
Q

F1 X TSL will give

A

F2 slaughter pig

F2= second cross
slaughter= because TSL

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37
Q

desired selection characteristics (sow)

A
  • high preg rates
  • large litter size
  • high milk production
  • mature early
  • short rebreeding interval (weaning to service interval of 5-6 days)
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38
Q

desired selection characteristics (boar)

A
  • average daily gain
  • carcass quality
  • feed conversion efficiency
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39
Q

pig sale price relates to

A

hot carcass weight and fat depth at F2

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40
Q

producers; trending more to

A

larger vertically integrated corporates

location depending on resources and markets

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41
Q

challenges for aus industry

A
  • low pig meat prices
  • high feed grain prices (drought)
  • water availability
  • environmental constraints
  • access to skilled stock people
  • AW requirements
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42
Q

pork is

A

2nd most consumed meat in aus and most consumed meat globally

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43
Q

queensland animal care and protection act places

A

a legal duty of care on people in charge of animals

administered by biosecurity qld: PIC (property id code) number

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44
Q

model code of practice (MCOP)

A
  • defines aw standards
  • parts of the adopted pig code and compulsory under animal care and protection act
  • documents stock-person competencies, food, water accommodation, husbandry, transport euth and QA info
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45
Q

industry requirements

A

australian pork limited APL; accreditation programs

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46
Q

stock attendants must be able to recognize

A

signs of ill health, including behavioural anomalies in pigs and mist take appropriate action when any such signs are observed in pigs under their care

if person is not able to identify causes of ill health and correct them the must seek advice

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46
Q

stock attendants must

A

be personnel who are skilled in pig husbandry and competent to maintain the health are welfare of the animals in accordance with the standards listen in MCOP (the code) or are under direct supervision of such personnel
pigs inspected at least once each day by competent stock person

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47
Q

sick weak or injured pigs must be

A

treated and if necessary isolated

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48
Q

dead pigs must be

A

removed as soon as practical

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49
Q

pigs with incurable sickness, injury of painful deformity must

A

be humanely euthanized

animals that cannot move must be euthanized on location

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50
Q

preventative health program

A

herd health program
vaccines and others must be administered by competent person or under direct supervision

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51
Q

there are codes and guidelines that provide detailed requirements that must be followed to ensure

A

appropriate standards are upheld

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52
Q

herd health is often

A

vertically integrated

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53
Q

3 main categories of production systems

A

indoor, deep litter, outdoor

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54
Q

majority of aus pigs are housed

A

indoors

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55
Q

environmental requirements change as

A

the pigs mature

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56
Q

animals flow in one direction for

A

biosecurity

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57
Q

housing needs

A
  • shelter
  • freedom for necessary movement; stand, stretch and lie down
  • readily accessible, appropriate and sufficient food and water
  • variation in feeding systems and feed
  • allow for handling
  • display appropriate behaviour
  • visual and social contact w other pigs
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58
Q

housing must provide appropriate environment for the

A

class of stock

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59
Q

air quality and ventilation

A
  • harmful hases; ammonia co2, co, H2S
  • humidity at 60-85%
  • air movement; avoid droughts near piglets
60
Q

temperature is

A

very important!!!
specific for different classes of stock

61
Q

dry sow stalls; laws

A

prevents bullying and limited mobility

in DSS for no longer than 6 weeks of 1/2 of pregnancy

62
Q

when are sows in stalls

A

5 days after mating and one week before farrowing

63
Q

all piglets must be checked within ____ of birth

A

24 hours; check they are feeding, have received colostrum

64
Q

is a sow dies prior to weaning or piglets have inadequate nutrition

A

the piglets must be fostered, weaned, hand reared or euthanized

65
Q

ideal temp for newborn piglets, suckers and sows

A
  • piglets 27-35
  • suckers; 24-30
  • sows; 18-22
66
Q

outdoor farrowing

A
  • allows expression of nest building
  • less confined
  • more piglets crushed
  • fewer stillbirths
67
Q

indoor DMA

A
  • designated mating area
  • when sow in weaned, moved to DMA
  • boars housed in this area
  • access too mating pens
68
Q

indoor weaner shed group housing
temp, how are they split

A
  • first time weaners mixed into new groups; stressful
  • big change in feed; GIT issues
  • temp 20-30 degrees
  • split by sex and size
69
Q

indoor grower finisher shed

A
  • wider range of environment that can be tolerated
  • same groups as possible
  • slatted flooring
70
Q

gilt shed

A
  • females in group housing
  • solid and slatted flooring
  • can see other pigs
  • moved into this shed in prep for mating
  • normally cycling 10-30 days after exposure to boar
  • boars housed here too but not mixed, and not in groups due to aggression
71
Q

deep litter bedding

A
  • ecoshelter w barley straw bedding
  • can also use rice hulls, saw dust
  • housing for weaners to finishers
72
Q

pigs kept outdoors have

A

same requirements to indoors

73
Q

pig must NOT be raised on land that is

A

contaminated w toxins, chemical residues, toxic plants or disease causing organisms

74
Q

optimum temps

A
  • newborns; 27-35
  • suckers; 24-30
  • weaners; 20-30
  • others; 15-25
75
Q

are pigs predator or prey

A

both

76
Q

wild/feral vs domestic in extensive

A

quantitative differences

77
Q

pigs are a ____ animal

A

herd; so housing should ensure they are not isolated

78
Q

wild/ feral pigs run in ___ herds

A

sow; usually 2-4 sows; often genetically related; collegial approach

79
Q

pig cognitive function

A
  • very trainable
  • outperform 3 year old humans
80
Q

vocalisation

A

important part of communication; feeding, distress, sexual behaviour, mothering

81
Q

smell

A

very developed

82
Q

eyesight

A

have colour vision, 310 degree panoramic and 35-50 binocular

83
Q

males and females in the wild

A
  • sow herd vs bachelor herds
  • separate
84
Q

2 social orders in pigs

A

teat order (nursing and litter mates)
dominance hierarchy (fight to establish dominance); mostly established within 24 hours

85
Q

dominance

A
  • not correlated with sex or weight
  • social rank influences growth rate
  • best to keep in one group
  • increased stocking density can adversely affect hierarchy stability
  • intensity relates to how important resource is; food/water, mating, environment
86
Q

ideal group size for class of pigs

A
  • weaners; 12
  • growers; 15
  • finishers; 20
  • sows; 10
  • sows on straw w electronic feeding; 20-60 (more access to resources)
87
Q

tail and ear biting are not

A

aggressive behaviours

88
Q

nest building how long

A

6-24 hours before parturition
away from group
same nest can be used for long period; communal nest, dependent on resources

89
Q

indications of approaching farrowing

A
  • increased activity in nest
  • up and down/ tail twitching
  • swollen vulva 4 days before
  • udder enlarges; springing
  • 30 mins before resp rate increases
  • 8 hours before milk spurts (letdown)
  • pelvis drops
90
Q

farrowing (2-3 hours)

A
  • start; nest is finished, activity reduces
  • lateral recumbent
  • semi-comatose states
  • delivery time between piglets 15-30 mins
  • no acknowledgement of piglets during farrowing (no cleaning, licking)
  • placental expulsion normally at the end
  • in wild may eat placenta and dead piglets
91
Q

piglet crushes

A
  • almost all in first week, most in first 3 days and 50% in first 24 hours
92
Q

commercial conditions w no confinement what percent of crushes

A

10-25%

93
Q

colostrum constantly available for

A

2-3 hours after birth
rapidly decreases at 14 hours and fully milk by 34 hours

94
Q

how often to newborns feed

A

every 30 mins for the first 24 hours and then hourly

95
Q

who initiates nursing

A
  • can be either sow or piglets but more often piglets
96
Q

teat hierarchy established during first

A

2-3 days

97
Q

how many phases of nursing and how long

A

6 phases; 100-120 seconds

not every nursing is successful!!

98
Q

phase 1 of nursing

A
  • 20-60 seconds
  • piglets: locate udder, get to their teat (vocalizing, fighting) start butting
  • sow; moves to expose teats; 1 grunt per second
99
Q

phase 2 of nursing

A
  • 30-40 seconds
  • piglets; start of suckling, jostling ends
  • sows; laterally recumbent, 1 grunt per second, no letdown
100
Q

phase 3 of nursing

A
  • 20 seconds
  • piglets; sucking; 1 suck per second, slow
  • sows; grunting rate peaks! 2 grunts per second, no letdown/ v limited letdown
101
Q

phase 4 nursing

A
  • 10-20 seconds
  • piglets; suck fats; 3 sucks/ seconds, 40-80 mls of milk
  • sow; grunts back to 1 per second, max milk flow
102
Q

phase 5 and 6 nursing

A

phase 5
- piglets; loud sucking
- sow; grunting stops

phase 6
- piglets; sucking ends, can restart stimulating udder if hungry
- sows; milk flow ends

103
Q

in the 6 phases of nursing when is max grunting and when does milk actually flow

A
  • phase 3; max grunting from sow
  • phase 4; milk letdown
104
Q

in wild describe estrus

A

seasonal anoestrus; related to day length

  • in summer and early autumn
105
Q

courtship (before smash)

A
  • 1-5 mins
  • vocalization; jaw chomping and frothing at mouth for males
  • both nudging
  • boar more active
  • sow activity depends on timing; - sow on heat standing, urinating, ears pricking
  • sow not on heat aggression, running
106
Q

courtship is important as it relates to

A

litter size

107
Q

copulation

A
  • 2-10 mins
  • only if sow is in standing heat
  • locking of spiral glands into cervix and ejaculation
  • wild; mate 3-4 x daily
  • domestic; 2 matings
108
Q

sow heat behaviours can change depending on

A
  • stage of heat
  • differences between stock-persons
  • differences between boars
  • heat is best detected by boar
109
Q

play

A
  • first seen at 2 days old
  • peaks 2-6 weeks old
  • head movements
  • spinning around
  • play fighting
  • toys
  • vocalization
110
Q

what is important/ rewarding activity to pig in terms of feeding

A

investigating their environment; stems from foraging

111
Q

in wild pigs what percent of day is rooting/ exploring/ feeding

A

80%

112
Q

in extensive domestic what percent of day is rooting/ exploring/ feeding

A

half of wild, ie 40%

113
Q

in intensive pigs what percent of day is rooting/ exploring/ feeding

A

10-20% (in wild its 80%)

114
Q

abnormal behaviours

A
  • tail and ear biting/ sucking
  • canibalism
  • abnormal dunging
  • belly nosing
  • prepuce sucking
  • stereotypes
  • snout rubbing
115
Q

factors for tail biting

A
  • genetics
  • insufficient stimulation
  • stocking density
  • environment
  • access to water
  • feed
116
Q

prevention of tail biting

A
  • environmental enrichment
  • reduce stressors
  • tail docking last resort; before 7 days of age
117
Q

3 forms of feed available

A

mash
crumble
pellet

118
Q

water

A
  • available at all times
  • automatic systems checked daily
  • stockperson takes action if bullying is restricting access to water
119
Q

diet composition and type changes

A

with class of stock

120
Q

crumble vs pellet

A
  • crumble; creep, weaner
  • pellets; porker, grower, finisher
121
Q

crude protein requirements

A
  • weaner; 20%
  • grower; 18%
  • finisher; 16 %
  • dry sow; 12.5%
  • lac sow; 16%
122
Q

farrowing shed for late preg sow

A
  • moved a week before farrowing
  • lac sow diet
  • just before farrowing see a reduced feed intake
  • requires slow start back on feed after farrowing, increasing volume over first 7 days
  • will be eating around 5kg/day
  • sows will drop in bcs due to lactation; 3 to a 2.5 is normal
123
Q

growth rate is measured as

A

average daily gain in grams per day

124
Q

feed intake measured as

A

kg/ day

125
Q

feed conversion efficiency/ rate (FCE or FCR)

A

how much feed required to produce 1 kg of lean meat

126
Q

are younger or older pig more efficient feed converters

A

young

127
Q

ADG formula

A

weight over time
convert to grams per day

128
Q

FCE formula

A

average feed consumed over average pig weight = ___ kg of feed to 1 kg of weight

129
Q

ideal BCS for preg sows up to weaning

A
  • mid to late gestation 3
  • by weaning 2.5
130
Q

swill feeding

A
  • feeding of food scraps containing meat or imported dairy products
  • illegal in aus
  • risk of introducing exotic disease
131
Q

target KPI for litter size

A
  • sow: 12 alive
  • gilt; 11 alive

total 13/ litter

132
Q

KPI piglet mortality

A

no more than 8%

133
Q

KPI sillborn and mummified piglets

A

no more than 8%

134
Q

gestation length

A

114 days (less than 4 months)

135
Q

lactation length

A

28 days

136
Q

weaning to estrus

A

6 days

137
Q

gestation length (114 days) + lactation length (28 days) + weaning to estrus (6) days = 148 days means potenital for

A

2.4 litters/ sow/ year (actual is 2.2)

27 piglets/ sow/ year (actual is 24)

138
Q

estrus cycle length

A

21 days

estrus period 2-3 days

139
Q

estrus detection

A

back pressure test or boar test

140
Q

mating management

A
  • good heat detection
  • mate twice 24 hours apart
  • use mature boars older than 10 months
  • supervise
  • 3 min ejaculation
  • facilities and experienced operators important
141
Q

preg detection

A
  • best is estrus detection 18-24 days post mating
  • doppler US reliable 28 days
  • real time US best at 21+ days
142
Q

litter marking

A
  • tail docking
  • clipping of needle teeth
  • ID
  • other
143
Q

litter marking; tail docking

A
  • avoided if possible
  • removal of 1/2 to 1/3 of tail
  • where tail biting a problem
  • before 7 days old
144
Q

litter marking; teeth clipping

A
  • removal of needle teeth
  • tips of the 8 needle teeth
  • before 3 days old
  • only done if aggression and injury is occurring to littermates or to sows udder
  • only tips, no more than quarter of tooth
145
Q

litter marking; ID

A

tattooed, tagged, notched or punched ear

body tattooed or microchipped

ear notching should be avoided, and if it is happening before 7 days old

146
Q

castration

A
  • surgical
  • after 2 days but before 7 days
  • if older than 21 days must be performed by vet under anaesthesia
  • alternative is immuno-castration using vaccine called improvac
147
Q

why is weaning stressful

A
  • diet change; scours
  • pig movement and mixing
148
Q

vaccines

A
  • parvo
  • 3 in 1: lepto, erysipelas, e. coli
149
Q

tusk trimming

A
  • when injury to humans or animals is likely
  • embryotomy wire
  • restrained and or anaesthetized
  • analgesia NOT required; tusk lacks sensory nerves
  • do not remove entire tusk; destabilize jaw
  • should be severed cleanly above level of gums
150
Q

nose ringing

A
  • avoid, last resort to prevent adverse effects to environment (if rooting is messing up pasture)

vets 1025 (44 decks)

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