Research Flashcards
Sensitivity
- TRUE (+) POSITIVE
- refers to the probability of a positive test, conditioned on truly
being positive.
Specificity
- TRUE (-) NEGATIVE
- refers to the probability of a negative test, conditioned on truly
being negative.
Concurrent Validity
how well two different
tests agree. Usually, one
test is new while the other
is old and has been shown
to be valid. Someone who
creates a new test wants it
to have high concurrent
validity with respected, old
tests.
Construct Validity
Construct validity is the
ability of an assessment
to measure what it is
supposed to measure.
This statistic answers
the question, “Does this assessment tool measure
what it says it measures?”
Content Validity
ability of an instrument to measure or evaluate all aspects of the construct it intends to assess.
This means that if an assessment
only looks at socialization or
communication, it would not be a
good measure of autism because
it would ignore one of the key
areas where people with autism
struggle.
Predictive Validity
how good a measure is at
predicting how someone will do on something in the future.
Independent Variable
what the researcher
manipulates or varies in an
experiment. It’s the cause
or input. the variable that is controlled to test its effects on the
dependent variable
- Independent Variable You
change
Dependent Variable
what the researcher measures
or observes. It’s the
effect or output. The
dependent variable is
expected to change
in response to the
independent variable.
Case Study
An in-depth analysis of an individual.
Cohort study
Follows a group of individuals over time.
Cross-sectional study
Collects data from a population at a single point in time.
Experimental study
Manipulates one or more variables to test cause and-effect relationships.
Group design
Compares groups of individuals to determine differences or similarities.
Longitudinal study
Follows a group of individuals over an extended period of time.
Observational study
Observes and records data without intervention
or manipulation.
Quasi-experimental
study
Includes manipulation of one or more variables, but lacks randomization or a control group
Single subject design
Examines the behavior or performance of a single individual over time.
Systematic review
Examines multiple studies on a specific topic, with specific criteria for inclusion and exclusion,
and analyzes the data from the included studies.
Test - Retest Reliability
The idea that if you administer the test today and tomorrow, you will get the same result
Split - Half Reliability
Measures consistency responses on the first and second halves of the test.
Inter-rater reliability
Measures consistency between different people administering the test
Alternate Form Reliability
consistency of test results between two different – but equivalent – forms of a test
Standard Deviation
extent to which scores deviate from the mean/average
Percentile Rank
percentage of people scoring at or below a certain score
Norm - Referenced
- always standardized
- compare individual performance to group standard
- compare persons that are same age, grade, etc
assessing individual performance to the “norm”
Criterion - Referenced
- may or may not be standardized
- determines individual mastery of particular skills
- what a client can or cannot do
- no group comparison
Prevalence
- gives the current number of people who have the disorder/ disease
- prevalence = present
Incidence
disease/disorder’s rate of occurrence in a specified group of people
Simple Random Sampling
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Systematic sampling
Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals
Stratified sampling
- dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways.
- draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample
Cluster sampling
- involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample.
- Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups
Subject Randomization
each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experiment or control group
Subject Matching
experimenter purposely attempts to match members of two groups based on all extraneous variables relevant
Between Subject Design
performances of separate groups of subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the two
Within Subject Design
performances of the same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations
