Research

Question 1

Sensitivity

Answer 1

1. TRUE (+) POSITIVE
2. refers to the probability of a positive test, conditioned on truly
   being positive.

Question 2

Specificity

Answer 2

1. TRUE (-) NEGATIVE
2. refers to the probability of a negative test, conditioned on truly
   being negative.

Question 3

Concurrent Validity

Answer 3

how well two different
tests agree. Usually, one
test is new while the other
is old and has been shown
to be valid. Someone who
creates a new test wants it
to have high concurrent
validity with respected, old
tests.

Question 4

Construct Validity

Answer 4

Construct validity is the
ability of an assessment
to measure what it is
supposed to measure.
This statistic answers
the question, “Does this assessment tool measure
what it says it measures?”

Question 5

Content Validity

Answer 5

ability of an instrument to measure or evaluate all aspects of the construct it intends to assess.
This means that if an assessment
only looks at socialization or
communication, it would not be a
good measure of autism because
it would ignore one of the key
areas where people with autism
struggle.

Question 6

Predictive Validity

Answer 6

how good a measure is at
predicting how someone will do on something in the future.

Question 7

Independent Variable

Answer 7

what the researcher
manipulates or varies in an
experiment. It’s the cause
or input. the variable that is controlled to test its effects on the
dependent variable
- Independent Variable You
change

Question 8

Dependent Variable

Answer 8

what the researcher measures
or observes. It’s the
effect or output. The
dependent variable is
expected to change
in response to the
independent variable.

Question 9

Case Study

Answer 9

An in-depth analysis of an individual.

Question 10

Cohort study

Answer 10

Follows a group of individuals over time.

Question 11

Cross-sectional study

Answer 11

Collects data from a population at a single point in time.

Question 12

Experimental study

Answer 12

Manipulates one or more variables to test cause and-effect relationships.

Question 13

Group design

Answer 13

Compares groups of individuals to determine differences or similarities.

Question 14

Longitudinal study

Answer 14

Follows a group of individuals over an extended period of time.

Question 15

Observational study

Answer 15

Observes and records data without intervention
or manipulation.

Question 16

Quasi-experimental
study

Answer 16

Includes manipulation of one or more variables, but lacks randomization or a control group

Question 17

Single subject design

Answer 17

Examines the behavior or performance of a single individual over time.

Question 18

Systematic review

Answer 18

Examines multiple studies on a specific topic, with specific criteria for inclusion and exclusion,
and analyzes the data from the included studies.

Question 19

Test - Retest Reliability

Answer 19

The idea that if you administer the test today and tomorrow, you will get the same result

Question 20

Split - Half Reliability

Answer 20

Measures consistency responses on the first and second halves of the test.

Question 21

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 21

Measures consistency between different people administering the test

Question 22

Alternate Form Reliability

Answer 22

consistency of test results between two different – but equivalent – forms of a test

Question 23

Standard Deviation

Answer 23

extent to which scores deviate from the mean/average

Question 24

Percentile Rank

Answer 24

percentage of people scoring at or below a certain score

Question 25

Norm - Referenced

Answer 25

1. always standardized
2. compare individual performance to group standard
   - compare persons that are same age, grade, etc
   assessing individual performance to the “norm”

Question 26

Criterion - Referenced

Answer 26

1. may or may not be standardized
2. determines individual mastery of particular skills
   - what a client can or cannot do
   - no group comparison

Question 27

Prevalence

Answer 27

1. gives the current number of people who have the disorder/ disease
2. prevalence = present

Question 28

Incidence

Answer 28

disease/disorder’s rate of occurrence in a specified group of people

Question 29

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 29

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 30

Systematic sampling

Answer 30

Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals

Question 31

Stratified sampling

Answer 31

1. dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways.
2. draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample

Question 32

Cluster sampling

Answer 32

1. involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample.
2. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups

Question 33

Subject Randomization

Answer 33

each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experiment or control group

Question 34

Subject Matching

Answer 34

experimenter purposely attempts to match members of two groups based on all extraneous variables relevant

Question 35

Between Subject Design

Answer 35

performances of separate groups of subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the two

Question 36

Within Subject Design

Answer 36

performances of the same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations