Neurogenic Communication Terms

Question 1

Anomia

Answer 1

word finding difficulties

Question 2

Phonemic paraphasia

Answer 2

word retrieval error with mispronunciation or substitution of phonemes in words. example, someone might say “spot” instead of “pot”

Question 3

Semantic Paraphasia

Answer 3

word is substituted for another word with a similar meaning. example, fork instead of spoon

Question 4

Neologistic Paraphasia

Answer 4

word is substituted for a made up, nonsense word

Question 5

Perseveration

Answer 5

inappropriate repetition of a word or idea previously mentioned

Question 6

Agrammatism

Answer 6

• grammar deficits, inadequate sentence production
• use of content words without function words

Question 7

Alexia

Answer 7

acquired reading impairment following brain damage

Question 8

Agraphia

Answer 8

acquired writing impairment following brain damage
- motor dysfunction or spelling impairments

Question 9

Neologism

Answer 9

made up word is created, the word has no meaning to the speaker and is entirely different from intended word

Question 10

Circumlocution

Answer 10

talking around the intended word or idea, not getting to the point

Question 11

Jargon

Answer 11

continuous, fluent utterances that make little sense but appear to make sense to the speaker

Question 12

Left Hemisphere Damage

Answer 12

• expressive & receptive deficits
• global deficits
• cognitive impairment
• right visual field impairment

Question 13

Right Hemisphere Damage

Answer 13

• spatial & perceptual deficits
• discourse & pragmatic deficits
• impulse behavior & attention difficulty
• judgement and reasoning problems
• poor awareness of deficits

Question 14

Ischemic Stroke

Answer 14

1. occurs due to blockage of blood vessel
2. Thrombotic: blood clot develops in blood vessels inside brain
3. Embolic: blood clot develops elsewhere in body and travels to brain through brainstem (ie. heart)

Question 15

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 15

1. Occurs due to bleeding, blood vessel rupture
2. Intracerebral: most common, artery bursts; flooding tissues with blood
3. Subarachnoid : bleeding in areaw between arachnoid matter & pia matter

Question 16

Ataxia

Answer 16

1. degenerative disease of the nervous system
2. symptoms mimic being drunk (eg. lack of coordination, slurred speech, falling, eye movement abnormalities)

Question 17

Encephalitis

Answer 17

inflammation of the brain

Question 18

Aneurysm

Answer 18

abnormal ballooning that forms in the blood vessel

Question 19

Spaced Retrieval Training

Answer 19

recall attempts are spaced over increasing lengths of time.

Question 20

Errorless Learning

Answer 20

technique for constraining response sets to reduce the number of errors made during learning by persons with dementia

Question 21

Simulated Presence Therapy

Answer 21

therapy technique in which a familiar caregiver’s speech or voice is recorded and played back as a cue to reduce agitation and negative behaviors in patients with moderate and greater severity of dementia

Question 22

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Answer 22

1. Abnormal deposits of proteins
   form amyloid plaques and tau
   tangles throughout the brain.
   Characteristics:
   - Wandering and getting lost
   - Repeating questions
   - Problems recognizing friends
   and family
   - Impulsive behavior
   - Cannot communicate

Question 23

FRONTOTEMPOTAL DEMENTIA

Answer 23

Abnormal amounts or forms of
tau and TDP-43 proteins
accumulate inside neurons in the
frontal and temporal lobes.
Characteristics:
- Difficulty planning and
organizing
- Impulsive behaviors
- Emotional flatness or excessive
emotions
- Shaky hands
- Problems with balance and
walking
- Difficulty making or
understanding speech

Question 24

LEWY BODY DEMENTIA

Answer 24

Abnormal deposits of the
alpha-synuclein protein, called
“Lewy bodies,” affect the
brain’s chemical messengers.
Characteristics:
- Inability to concentrate, pay
attention, or stay alert
- Disorganized or illogical ideas
- Muscle rigidity
- Loss of coordination
- Reduced facial expression
- Excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 25

Vascular Dementia

Answer 25

Conditions, such as blood clots,
disrupt blood flow in the brain.
Characteristics:
- Forgetting current or past
events
- Misplacing items
- Trouble following
instructions or learning new
information
- Hallucinations or delusions
- Poor judgment

Question 26

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 26

1. Mutant huntingtin protein, loss of neurons in basal ganglia,
   caudate nucleus, putamen, substantia nigra; possible atrophy in prefrontal, temporal, and parietal lobes; reduced levels of
   inhibitory neurotransmitters, especially GABA
2. Characteristics:
   – Movement disorders (rigidity, bradykinesia), then personality
   changes
   – Rigidity, bradykinesia, chorea.
   Tic-like movements, gait disturbances, reduced voluntary
   movements; increased fall risk
   – Hyperkinetic dysarthria

Question 27

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 27

1. Basal ganglia and brain-stem degeneration, presence of Lewy
   bodies in the substantia nigra, frontal lobe atrophy, reduced
   inhibitory dopamine
2. Bradykinesia, tremors in resting muscles, rigidity, reduced
   eye blinking, festination, disturbed posture, frequent falls,
   impaired initiation