Neurogenic Communication Terms Flashcards
Anomia
word finding difficulties
Phonemic paraphasia
word retrieval error with mispronunciation or substitution of phonemes in words. example, someone might say “spot” instead of “pot”
Semantic Paraphasia
word is substituted for another word with a similar meaning. example, fork instead of spoon
Neologistic Paraphasia
word is substituted for a made up, nonsense word
Perseveration
inappropriate repetition of a word or idea previously mentioned
Agrammatism
- grammar deficits, inadequate sentence production
- use of content words without function words
Alexia
acquired reading impairment following brain damage
Agraphia
acquired writing impairment following brain damage
- motor dysfunction or spelling impairments
Neologism
made up word is created, the word has no meaning to the speaker and is entirely different from intended word
Circumlocution
talking around the intended word or idea, not getting to the point
Jargon
continuous, fluent utterances that make little sense but appear to make sense to the speaker
Left Hemisphere Damage
- expressive & receptive deficits
- global deficits
- cognitive impairment
- right visual field impairment
Right Hemisphere Damage
- spatial & perceptual deficits
- discourse & pragmatic deficits
- impulse behavior & attention difficulty
- judgement and reasoning problems
- poor awareness of deficits
Ischemic Stroke
- occurs due to blockage of blood vessel
- Thrombotic: blood clot develops in blood vessels inside brain
- Embolic: blood clot develops elsewhere in body and travels to brain through brainstem (ie. heart)
Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Occurs due to bleeding, blood vessel rupture
- Intracerebral: most common, artery bursts; flooding tissues with blood
- Subarachnoid : bleeding in areaw between arachnoid matter & pia matter
Ataxia
- degenerative disease of the nervous system
- symptoms mimic being drunk (eg. lack of coordination, slurred speech, falling, eye movement abnormalities)
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
Aneurysm
abnormal ballooning that forms in the blood vessel
Spaced Retrieval Training
recall attempts are spaced over increasing lengths of time.
Errorless Learning
technique for constraining response sets to reduce the number of errors made during learning by persons with dementia
Simulated Presence Therapy
therapy technique in which a familiar caregiver’s speech or voice is recorded and played back as a cue to reduce agitation and negative behaviors in patients with moderate and greater severity of dementia
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- Abnormal deposits of proteins
form amyloid plaques and tau
tangles throughout the brain.
Characteristics:
- Wandering and getting lost
- Repeating questions
- Problems recognizing friends
and family
- Impulsive behavior
- Cannot communicate
FRONTOTEMPOTAL DEMENTIA
Abnormal amounts or forms of
tau and TDP-43 proteins
accumulate inside neurons in the
frontal and temporal lobes.
Characteristics:
- Difficulty planning and
organizing
- Impulsive behaviors
- Emotional flatness or excessive
emotions
- Shaky hands
- Problems with balance and
walking
- Difficulty making or
understanding speech
LEWY BODY DEMENTIA
Abnormal deposits of the
alpha-synuclein protein, called
“Lewy bodies,” affect the
brain’s chemical messengers.
Characteristics:
- Inability to concentrate, pay
attention, or stay alert
- Disorganized or illogical ideas
- Muscle rigidity
- Loss of coordination
- Reduced facial expression
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
Vascular Dementia
Conditions, such as blood clots,
disrupt blood flow in the brain.
Characteristics:
- Forgetting current or past
events
- Misplacing items
- Trouble following
instructions or learning new
information
- Hallucinations or delusions
- Poor judgment
Huntington’s Disease
- Mutant huntingtin protein, loss of neurons in basal ganglia,
caudate nucleus, putamen, substantia nigra; possible atrophy in prefrontal, temporal, and parietal lobes; reduced levels of
inhibitory neurotransmitters, especially GABA - Characteristics:
– Movement disorders (rigidity, bradykinesia), then personality
changes
– Rigidity, bradykinesia, chorea.
Tic-like movements, gait disturbances, reduced voluntary
movements; increased fall risk
– Hyperkinetic dysarthria
Parkinson’s Disease
- Basal ganglia and brain-stem degeneration, presence of Lewy
bodies in the substantia nigra, frontal lobe atrophy, reduced
inhibitory dopamine - Bradykinesia, tremors in resting muscles, rigidity, reduced
eye blinking, festination, disturbed posture, frequent falls,
impaired initiation
