reproductive endocrinology Flashcards
how long does it take oogenesis to occur compared to spermatogenesis
oogenesis- years, spermatogenesis- 72 days
when does oogenesis begin in women
utero, suspended for years and then beings again in puberty
when does oogenesis cease?
menopause
what is the first recognisable germinal cell called
primordial germ cell
where does the primordial germ cell migrate to by week 6 of embryo development
genital ridge
what is oogonia
the completion of last pre- biotic divisions to oocytes
what type of cell enters meiosis
oocytes
the development of polar bodies in first stage meiosis produces unequal divisions of oocytes, true or flase
true
how long does the ovarian cycle last
28 days
what is the first and second half of cycle called
follicular phase and luteal phase
What happens in the follicular phase
primary oocyte surrounded by granulose cells- primary follicle. Each oocyte can produce a single ovum. Oocytes then grow and follicles expand and become differentiated
what happens to the follicular cells after ovulation
transformed into the corpus luteum
what does the corpus lute secrete
progesterone
what does the gonadal releasing hormone act on and what does this structure then secrete
acts on anterior pituitary FSH- development of follicles, LH- follicle maturation, ovulation, corpus lute development
what cells produce androgen
theca
what converts the theca cells to oestradiol
granulose- thickens endomettrium
what do the theca cells convert androgen to?
oestrogen
what organ takes over the role of progesterone secretion after 6 weeks
placenta
where does glandular oestrogen synthesis occur?
granulosa and theca cells of the ovaries as well as the corpus luteum
what do LH tell granulose cells to produce
pregnenolone
what produces progesterone?
pregnenolone
what does oligomenorrhea mean
reduction in frequency of periods
what is primary amenorrhea
failure of puberty at age 16
what is secondary amenorrhea
cessation of periods for more than >6months
what are common secondary causes of amenorrhea
ovarian, uterine, hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction
what is a sign of androgen excess
hirsutism/acne
what is measured in all patients with amenorrhoea
LH, FSH, oestradiol, thyroid function and prolactin
what would you investigate if hirsutism was present
testosterone
what is female hypogonadism identified by
low levels of oestrogen
what causes secondary hypogonadism
pituitary/ hypothalamus disorder
what would the FSH score be in premature ovarian failure
> 30 on 2 separate occasions 1 month apart
what is idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
absent or delayed sexual development with low levels of gonadotrophin and sex hormone levels. Cant activate GnRH during puberty
is Kallmans syndrome primary or secondary
secondary
what is kallmans
loss of GnRH secretion and anosmia/ hyposmia
what would the LH/FSH be in a pituitary dysfunction
lowwww
what are ovarian causes of amenorrhea
PCOS- 2 of menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogegism, polycystic ovaries,
Ovarian failure
Congenital problems with ovarian development
what causes hirsutism
androgen excess
what is the most common cause of hirsutism
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
how do you treat PCOS
contraceptive pill, anti androgens,
how do you treat CAH
low dose glucocorticoid to suppress ATCH drive
how many chromosomes does turner syndrome have
1
does turners affect men or women
women only
what are clinical features of turners syndrome
short, webbed neck, wide spaced nipples, cubits valgus
what are those with turners syndrome at risk of
correction of the aorta
what is the most common form of primary hypogonadism
Klinefelters syndrome
what are some features of Klienfelters
gynaecomastia, reduced testicle size, eunuchoidism, intellect dysfunction
what karyotype does Klinefelters have
XXY
is testosterone good or bad
good- improved sexual performance, bone health, limb strength,
