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Endocrine > Insulin secretion and signalling > Flashcards

Insulin secretion and signalling Flashcards

1
Q

which cells does insulin come from

A

pancreatic B cells

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2
Q

where about in the pancreas is insulin secreting cells located?

A

pancreatic islet

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3
Q

what does alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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4
Q

what cells produce somatostatin

A

d cells

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5
Q

what do PP cells secrete?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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6
Q

where is insulin peptide synthesised?

A

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic b cells

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7
Q

is an insulin chain single or poly?

A

single

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8
Q

what links two polypeptide chains together in a polypeptide insulin chain ?

A

disulphide bridges

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9
Q

What transporter does glucose enter b cells through?

A

GLUT2

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10
Q

what phosphorylates glucose?

A

glucokinase

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11
Q

true or false, increased glucose increases intracellular ATP concentration

A

true

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12
Q

true or false, ATP promotes ATP sensitive K+ channels

A

FALSE- ATP inhibits the K channels

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13
Q

what does inhibition of the K ATP channels lead to?

A

depolarisation of the cell membrane

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14
Q

what does depolarisation of the cell membrane lead to?

A

Ca2+ channel opening

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15
Q

What does an increased Ca2+ cause?

A

fusion of the secretory vesicles and cell membrane to release insulin

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16
Q

is release of insulin biphasic or monophasic

A

BIPHASIC you turd

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17
Q

what are the two proteins that make up K ATP channels?

A

SUR1 and Kir6.1

18
Q

why are the two proteins required in the K channels?

A

provide a functional channel

19
Q

What is K ATP channels regulated by?

A

sulphonylurea and ATP- inhibts channels to promote depolarisation. DIAZOXIDE stimulates K ATP channels thus inhibits insulin secretion.

20
Q

what is MODY?

A

maturity onset diabetes of the young- early onset type 2 diabetes- defect in insulin secretion.

21
Q

How does MODY happen?

A

genetic defect in B cell function.

22
Q

What is impaired in mody? (used for phosphorylation)

A

glucokinase

23
Q

What is primarily used to treat MODY

A

SULPHONYUREA

24
Q

what does genetic screening help you distinguish

A

type 1 and MODY- type 1= insulin, MODY= sulphonyurea

25
Q

What is typ 1 diabetes

A

loss of insulin secreting B cells

26
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

defect in insulin sensitivity, hyperglycaemia

27
Q

what is MODY

A

defect in glucose sensitivity in pancreas/ loss of insulin secretion

28
Q

What is the insulin receptor that insulin binds to?

A

DIMERIC tyrosine kinase (2 alpha- extracellular and 2 beta cytoplasmic)

29
Q

by proteins phosphorylating on any hydroxyl group this gives…

A

a negative charge into protein structure

30
Q

When alpha subunits are bound to insulin, what does this cause the beta cells to do?

A

autophosphorylate- causes a cellular response

31
Q

the transporter protein for insulin regulated glucose transporter is

A

GLUT4

32
Q

What does insulin promote

A

DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, gene expression, growth, glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues, amino acid uptake, glycogen synthesis, lipolysis

33
Q

What is leprachaunism

A

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait where there is a mutation in the gene for insulin receptor binding/ signalling

34
Q

what abnormalities would be present for leprachaunism

A

growth retardation, black hair, short stature, absence of fat

35
Q

What is rabson mendenhall syndrome

A

rare autosomal recessive genetic trait- SEVERE insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia.

36
Q

What can happen in rabson mendenhall syndrome

A

acanthosis, fasting hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis

37
Q

Where are ketone bodies formed

A

in liver mitochondria

38
Q

where do ketone bodies come from?

A

breakdown of fatty acids in acetyl CoA in b oxidation

39
Q

ketone bodies are important in metabolism energy in which organs?

A

renal contex and heart muscles

40
Q

what state can a build up of ketones lead to?

A

acidosis

41
Q

what are significant consequences in starvation in diabetics

A

coma and death due to dehydration

42
Q

Is type 1 or 2 associated with ketoacidosis

A

type 1

Endocrine (23 decks)

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