Microvascular complications Flashcards
What are the three common microvascular complications
neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy
what 3 things does diabetes commonly cause
blindness, dialysis and amputation
how do the microvascular problems arise?
reduced blood flow and damaged nerves
what is peripheral neuropathy
loss of feeling in feet and hands
what is autonomic neuropathy
changes in bowel/ bladder function, sweating, heart rate, bp
what type of neuropathy causes pain in the thighs, hip or buttocks leading to leg weakness?
proximal neuropathy
What kind of symptoms can present in diabetes
numbness, foot ulcers, vomiting, constipation/diarrhoea, dizziness, erectile dysfunction, wasting of muscles
does neuropathy occur more with type 1 or 2 diabetes?
type 1
What is the treatment cascade for painful neuropathy
simple analgesia- TCAs- Gabapentin- Duloxetine/ pre-gabalin- strong opiods
what should you use to treat gastroparesis?
metoclopramide, domperidone/ erythromycin
what tools can you use to diagnose neuropathy?
nerve conduction studies, heart rate, US, gastric emptying studies
what are the consequences of diabetic nephropathy?
hypertension, decline in renal function, accelerated vascular disease
How do you screen for nephropathy?
ACR- diabetic kidney disease
what does microalbuminuria suggest?
impending doom
what would nitrites/ leukocytes suggest?
proteinuria
How often do you have to repeat microalbuminuria test?
2-3 times that are positive
what are some false positives in microalbuminuria
menstruation, discharge, UTI, pregnancy
what are risk factors for nephropathy?
hypertension, cholesterol, smoking, glycemic control, albuminuria
What class of drug improves diabetic kidney disease
ACE inhibitors
what can people develop in diabetic eye disease?
cataracts, retinopathy, glaucoma, acute hyperglycaemia- blurring
what is glaucoma
increase in fluid pressure in the eye
how do you treat retinopathy?
laser treatment and vitrectomy
in what % does erectile dysfunction cause in diabetic men?
50%
