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endocrine > Calcium disorders > Flashcards

Calcium disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what things help regulate the calcium homeostasis in the body?

A

diet, gut absorption, PTH, Vit D,

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2
Q

what can PTH disorders lead toq

A

hyper/hypoparathyroidism, malignant hypercalcaemia

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3
Q

What affect does Vit D have on the body

A

diet absorption, renal, liver disease, UVB exposure, drugs

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4
Q

how is calcium homeostasis controlled?

A

through negative feedback

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5
Q

what is vitamin D made from initially

A

dehydro cholesterol

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6
Q

what are the acute symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A

thirst, dehydration, confusion, polyuria

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7
Q

what are some chronic symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A

myopathy, osteopaenia, fractures, depression, hypertension, abdo pain

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8
Q

what would be the main test you would do for hypercalacemia

A

PTH

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9
Q

if both the albumin and urea are raised, what is the result?

A

dehydration

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10
Q

if the albumin is normal/ low and PTH is suppressed, phosphate high, what would be the diagnosis

A

bone pathology

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11
Q

if the PTH was normal/high, phosphate low/ normal, increased urine Ca, the diagnosis would be

A

Primary/ tertiary hyperparathyroidism

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12
Q

IF the urine Ca is low, what would the diagnosis be

A

FHH

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13
Q

what are the main causes of hypercalcaemia

A

primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, drugs, granulomatous disease, tertiary hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

how would you diagnose hyperparathyroidism

A

rasised serum Ca, rasied PTH, increased urine calcium excretion

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15
Q

how would you diagnose a hypercalcaemia malignancy

A

raised calcium, ALP, XRAY, CT, MRI, Isotope bone scan

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16
Q

how would you treat hypercalcaemia acutely

A

rehydrate with fluids, loop diuretics Bisphosphonates lowers Ca over 2-3d

17
Q

what is the management of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

surgery or nothing

18
Q

when would you have surgery

A

end organ damage- osteoporosis, renal stones, gastric ulcers, bone disease, v v v high calcium,

19
Q

what s significant about secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Ca is low, but PTH is raised, wherasfor 1 and 3 hyperparathyroidism, both Ca and PTH is raised.

20
Q

what is hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia

A

low calcium in the urine

21
Q

how can one get hypocalciureic hypercalcaemia

A

familial and benign/ assymptomatic

22
Q

what are some symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

paraesthesia, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, fatigue, fits, bronchospasm, chvsteks sign and trousseau sign

23
Q

what are some causes of hypocalcaemia

A

hypoparathyroidism, vit D deficiency, chronic renal failure

24
Q

what medication should be given in an emergency hypocalcaemia

A

IV calcium gluconate- 10ml, 10% 10 mins

25
Q

Why would you get hypoparathyroidism

A

congenital, destruction, autoimmune, hypomagnesaemia, idiopathic

26
Q

what is the long term treatment for hypocalcaemia

A

calcium supplement, Vit D tablets

27
Q

in hypomagnesaemia, is calcium high or low

A

high

28
Q

Is PTH release inhibited or stimulated

A

inhibited

29
Q

what are some causes of hypomagnesaemia

A

alcohol, drugs, GI, pancreatitis, malabsorption

30
Q

what is pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

low calcium, PTH resistance, PTH levels high, genetic defect,

31
Q

what are some signs of pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

obese, learning difficulty, bone abnormalities, branchdactyly

32
Q

what is different about pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

instead of the calcium being low, the calcium is normal in this case

33
Q

what is the cause of rickets and osteomalacia

A

vitamin D deficiency

34
Q

what conditions can predispose you to rickets/ osteomalacia

A

chronic renal disease, GI malabsorption, lack of sunlight, drugs

35
Q

what is osteomalacia clinically

A

low calcium, muscle wasting- prox myopathy, dental defects, bone fractures/ tenderness, limb deformity

36
Q

what type of hyperparathyroidism can chronic renal disease cause

A

secondary

37
Q

what is the chronic treatment for osteomalacaia

A

vit D tablets

endocrine (23 decks)

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