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Endocrine > pathology of pituitary and adrenal gland > Flashcards

pathology of pituitary and adrenal gland Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis

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2
Q

what does nerohypophysis also mean

A

posterior pituitary (because posterior pituitary hormones are transported via neurones)

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3
Q

which, anterior or posterior is derived from Rathkes pouch?

A

anterior

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4
Q

what hormones (6) does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin and GH

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5
Q

What 2 homones does the posterior pituitarty secrete?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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6
Q

what is the posterior pituitary made from?

A

extension of neural tissue- glial cells and axonal processes

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7
Q

what histological features make up the anterior pituitary

A

acidophils, basophils, chromophobe

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8
Q

what is contained histologically within the posterior pituitary

A

non myelinated axons of neurosecretory neurons

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9
Q

where does a pituitary adenoma most commonly arise, anterior or posterior?

A

posterior

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10
Q

what 2 ways can you likely get pituitary ademnoma

A

sporadic or MEN1

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11
Q

what are the most common adenomas caused by hormones?

A

prolactinoma

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12
Q

what can large adenomas effect?

A

visual field, pressure atrophy of surrounding tissue, infarction can lead to panhypopituitarism

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13
Q

what features are present in prolactinoma

A

infertility, libido lack, amenorrhoea,

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14
Q

what is the second most hormone assoc adenoma?

A

growth hormone

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15
Q

what causes an increase in IGF?

A

growth hormone

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16
Q

what can ACTH secreting tumours cause?

A

cushings, microadenoma, bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia

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17
Q

what is the most common form of pituitary hypofunction

A

panhypopituitarism

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18
Q

what is a craniopharyngioma derived from

A

remnants of rathkes pouch

19
Q

when do people most commonly get craniopharyngiomas

A

5-15yo, 60-70yo

20
Q

what are common symptoms with craniopharyngioma

A

headaches and visual disturbances

21
Q

What are the 2 most common posterior pituitary syndromes

A

diabetes insipidus and SIADH

22
Q

why is diabetes insidious caused

A

ADH deficiency, trauma, tumours

23
Q

what causes SIADH

A

ectopic ADH production

24
Q

What are the two parts to the adrenal gland

A

medulla and cortex

25
Q

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal gland cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis

26
Q

what does the bona glomerulosa produce

A

mineralocorticoids and aldosterone

27
Q

what does the fasciculata contain

A

glucocorticoids and cortisol

28
Q

what does the reticularis contain

A

sex steroids and glucocorticoids

29
Q

what are the main cells in the adrenal medulla

A

chromatin cells which secrete catecholamines

30
Q

adrenocorticol pathology can be hyper or hypo function. Name some causes of each

A

hyper- hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma, hypo- waterloos friderichsen or Addisons disease

31
Q

true or false, adrenocortical hyperplasia can be congenital or aquired

A

true- both

32
Q

what signs can be for adrenocortical hyperplasia

A

masculine features,

33
Q

are adrenocortical carcinomas and adenomas similar?

A

yes- carcinoma is rare and malignant

34
Q

what are some features suggesting adrenocortical carcinoma

A

size, haemorrhage and necrosis, mitosis, lack of clear cels or capsular invasion

35
Q

what are some causes of hyper secretion of adrenocortical hormones

A

hyperaldosterone- conns, adenoma,

hypercortisolism- cushings,

36
Q

what are some causes of adrenocortical insufficinecy

A

withdrawal of steroids, haemorrhage, Addisons, adrenalitis, infections and metastatic malignancy

37
Q

How does Addisons present

A

insidious onset, decreased glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels with symptoms of fatigue, pigmentation, WL, diarrhoea, vomiting

38
Q

what are 2 adrenal medullary tumours?

A

pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma

39
Q

when is neuroblastoma usually diagnosed?

A

at 18 months of age

40
Q

what is pheochromocytoma derived from?

A

chromatin cells that secrete catecholamines

41
Q

what does pheochromocytoma cause?

A

secondary hypertension (90%)

42
Q

What do the 10% mean in phaeochromocytoma

A

10%- malignant, bilateral, extra adrenal, not associated with hypertension, 25% are familial

43
Q

what is the definitive evidence of malignancy in phaeochromocytoma

A

metastasis

44
Q

what neoplasia is pheochromocytoma a feature of?

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

Endocrine (23 decks)

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