Reproduction -- Exam 5 Flashcards
If a gonad has a Y chromosome is the Wolffian duct or Mullerian duct developed to make testis?
Wollfian
Presence of ________ will cause regression of Mullerian duct if the gonad is a male
AMH
____ and ____ promotes development of the Wolffian duct if the gonad is a male
LH
hCG
What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to make the external male reproductive anatomy
5-alpha-reductase
What is the role of the seminiferous tubules in male reproduction?
gives rise to sperm
What is the role of Leydig cells in male reproduction?
makes testosterone
What is the role of Sertoli cells in male reproduction?
nurtures the sperm and makes the blood testis barrier
What are the 4 stage of sperm when undergoing spermatogenesis?
- spermatagonia
- spermatocytes
- spermatids
- spermatoza
What stage of spermogenesis do the sperm undergo two meiotic divisions to become haploid?
spermatocytes
Sertoli cells have sperm attached to them to nourish them but what else does it do in sperm development?
removes cytoplasm
Where does sperm maturation occur?
epididymus (above testis)
What is the acrosome of the sperm?
tip
Where is the first place the sperm go after being made in the seminiferous tubules?
epididymus
___________ is a precursor for estrogen
testosterone
What enzyme promotes testosterone to convert into estrogen?
aromatase
What hormone promotes aromatase to convert testosterone into estrogen?
FSH
When making testosterone, _____ enhances the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
LH
____ induces testosterone production by stimulating Laydig cells
LH
_______ stimulates spermatotgenesis by activating Sertoli cells
FSH
What hormone released by the anterior pituitary promotes LH and FSH secretion?
GnRH
Activated Sertoli cells secrete _______ that will inhibit secretion of FSH to enhance more testosterone production in males
inhibin
What hormone interacts with Leydig cells?
LH
What hormone interacts with Sertoli cells?
FSH
What is the role of seminal vesicles?
nourish sperm
What is the role of Bulbourethreal gland?
secretes fluid for lubrication and neutralizes acidic pH of urethra
What is the role of the prostate gland?
secretes fluid that neutralizes acid vaginal pH to increase sperm mobility
What is the phase for remembering stages of nutting?
Point and Shoot
P: parasympatheic
S: sympathetic
What is the mechanism of erectile dysfunction pills?
Blocks PDE5 = high cGMP = relaxation of smooth muscles = increased blood flow
If a gonad has a XX chromosome is the Wolffian duct or Mullerian duct developed?
Mullerian duct
Where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubues
__________ is secreted to cause contractions of the myometrium to aid in fertilization
estrogen
__________ can exert both negative and positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit or stimulate FSH/LH
estrogen
Gonadal hormones (FSH/LH) can act on the _______ pituitary and hypothalamus
anterior
Just like in males, _____ promotes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
LH
Just like in males, _____ promotes the conversion of testosterone to estrogen via aromatase
FSH
E1 estrogen is known as the estrogen of …
menopause
E3 estrogen is known as the estrogen of …
pregnancy
During fetal development, oocytes are halted at meiosis ___ making it a primary oocyte
1
When a oocyte is halted at meiosis 1 its a _______ oocyte
primary oocyte
ALL FOLLICLES CONTAIN ___________ OOCYTES
primary
What follicle is referred to as the “oocyte reserve”?
primordial follicle
What is the difference betwen primordial and primary follicles
primary has a single layer of granulosa cells
What is the role of granulosa cells for the follicle?
nourish and support
What is the difference between primary and secondary follicle?
secondary have theca cells and multiple layers of granulosa cells
What is the role of theca cells covering secondary follicle?
responds to LH to produce testosterone–> estrogen
______ oocytes are halted in meiosis 2
secondary
Secondary oocytes are halted in meiosis 2 but what is required for this to happen?
graffian follicle ruptures
______ stimulates follicular cells to transform into granulosa cells (characteristic of primary follicle)
FSH
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to _________
estrogen
_____ stimulates theca cells to synthesize androgens
LH
What triggers resumption of meiosis in oocytes?
LH surge
What is the left over follicle called after it’s ruptured?
corpus luteum
What does the corpus luteum produce?
progestrone
What is the most important hormone in the follicular phase?
FSH
What is the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?
- follicular phase
- ovulation
- luteal phase
As the follicular phase progresses, ________ is mainly produces
estrogen
Why is estrogen mainly produced during the follicular phase?
thickens and vascularizes the endometrium
What is the main hormone secreted during the luteal phase?
progestrone
Why is progesterone the main hormone in the luteal phase?
tells myometrium to become still to make an easy environment for implantation
Inhibin can reduce FSH secretion which is used to induce the ___ ________
LH surge
During the midcycle estrogen switches to positive feedback to drive more GnRH and produce more inhibin to suppress FSH so the ____ _______ occurs and LH is now dominant
LH surge
During the luteal phase __________ feedback to prevent FSH and LH secretion
progestrone
Why does progesterone inhibit FSH and LH in the luteal phase?
prevent another ovulation too soon
What are the 2 gonadotropins in women?
Theca cells
granulosa cells
What are the 2 gonadotropins in males?
Ledig cells
Sertoli cells
During menopause ___________ cells no longer make estrogen or inhibin
granulosa cells
