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OLD "MBS 603" > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is steady state?

A

maintaining same internal environment
* same in ; same out

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2
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

balanced opposing forces
lowest energy state
* does not involve time

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ability of the body to rapidly adjust and adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions while maintaining constant

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4
Q

What is an example of positive feed back?

A

hemorrhagic shock

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5
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

mild hemorrhage

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6
Q

What is meant by a “feed-forward” mechanism?

A

anticipate changes and prompt thee system to act before anything happens

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7
Q

What are 4 the major characteristics of a homeostatic system?

A
  1. network of feedback loops
  2. hierarchy of feedback loops
  3. redundancy
  4. adaptability
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8
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

responds to an altered output by RESTORING itself towards a predetermined set point

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9
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

responds to disturbance by moving variables FARTHER AWAY from the initial set point

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10
Q

What 2 things are needed to maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. control (direct manipulation)
  2. regulation (end result)
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11
Q

Positive feedback promotes _____________

A

instability

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12
Q

In negative feedback, the stimulus INCREASES or DECREASES?

A

decrease stimulus

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13
Q

In positive feedback, the stimulus INCREASES or DECREASES?

A

increase stimulus

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14
Q

What are 3 examples of exceptions to positive feedback loops promoting instability?

A
  1. blood clotting cascade
  2. childbirth
  3. action potentials
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15
Q

What is the normal body temperature?

A

36.8 - 37.9

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16
Q

What is the main way body heat is produced?

A

metabolism

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17
Q

What are 3 ways body heat are produced?

A
  1. metabolism
  2. food intake
  3. muscular activity
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18
Q

What are 5 ways body heat is lost?

A
  1. radiation
  2. conduction/convection
  3. evaporation of sweat
  4. respiration
  5. urination/deification
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19
Q

What is the main way body heat is lost?

A

radiation

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20
Q

If you are warmer than your environment you _______ heat

A

loose (to environment)

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21
Q

If you are cooler than your environment you will _______ heat

A

gain (from environment)

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22
Q

How is body temperature lost/gained from radiation?

A

transfer of heat to and from skin by electromagnetic waves

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23
Q

How is body temperature lost/gained from conduction?

A

transfer of heat between skin and air (touch)

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24
Q

How is body temperature lost/gained from convection?

A

transfer of heat by MOVEMENT of air or water over body

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25
Q

How is body temperature lost from evaporation?

A

evaporation of water from skin and breathe

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26
Q

Where is temperature regulated in brain?

A

hypothalamus

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27
Q

Anterior hypothalamus is responsible for what temperature?

A

heat

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28
Q

Posterior hypothalamus is responsible for what temperature?

A

cold

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29
Q

When its hot outside do your blood vessels dilate or constrict?

A

dilate

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30
Q

Is hunger activated by HOT or COLD?

A

cold

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31
Q

Is increased voluntary activity activated by HOT or COLD?

A

cold

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32
Q

Is increased epinephrine/norepinephrine activated by HOT or COLD?

A

cold

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33
Q

Is vasoconstriction activated by HOT or COLD?

A

cold

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34
Q

Is horripilation activated by HOT or COLD?

A

(goose bumps) cold

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35
Q

Is vasodilation activated by HOT or COLD?

A

hot

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36
Q

Is apathy and inertia activated by HOT or COLD?

A

hot

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37
Q

Is anorexia activated by HOT or COLD?

A

hot

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38
Q

Fever is due to __________ activating the hypothalamus

A

cytokines

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39
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete to induce a fever?

A

prostaglandins

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40
Q

How do prostaglandins cause a fever?

A

increases hypothalamic set point by inhibiting warmth sensitive neurons
- body temp is now seen as too low and mechanisms to increase temp are set into place

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41
Q

What do antipyretics target?

A

prostaglandins synthesis (COX1/2)

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42
Q

What is diffusion?

A

net movement of substance from area of high concentration to low

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43
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

difference in solute concentration between compartments

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44
Q

How do you find the net rate of movement?

A

rate of diffusion from compartment 1–> 2 MINUS rate of diffusion from compartment 2 —> 1

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45
Q

Diffusion is _________ proportional to the surface area of the barrier and _________ proportional to the thickness of the barrier

A

directly
inversely

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46
Q

What is the driving force for net diffusion across the membrane?

A

concentration gradient

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47
Q

What is flux?

A

rate of diffusion per area (Js)

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48
Q

What is Fick’s 1st Law?

A

Js = Ps x change in Cs
FLUX = permeability of solute across barrier x concentration gradient

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49
Q

Why is Fick’s Law sometimes written with a negative in front of the equation?

A

moving from high to low concentration (downhill)

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50
Q

Diffusion is better for short or long distance?

A

short

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51
Q

What kind of things use simple diffusion?

A

gases
ethanol
urea

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52
Q

What kind of things use facilitated diffusion?

A

water
ions
sugars (glucose)

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53
Q

What kind of things use active transport?

A

Na/K pump

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54
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses MM kinetics causing the graph to be _________. Why?

A

hyperbolic
transport proteins can become saturated

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55
Q

Carrier require conformational changes or are always open?

A

require changes

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56
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

the transport of a solute in the direction of its increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute (usually an ion) in the direction of its decreasing electrochemical potential.

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57
Q

What is an example of secondary active transport?

A

glucose takes advantage of Na+ transport so glucose can travel against its own gradient
* glucose movement coupled with Na transport

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58
Q

What are 3 basic types of secondary transporters?

A

uniport
symport
antiport

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59
Q

Pores are generally open or closed?

A

open

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60
Q

Channels are generally opened or closed?

A

intermittently open (gated and selective)

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61
Q

Carrier are generally opened or closed?

A

closed

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62
Q

What is the difference between osmolaRity and osmolaLity?

A

osmolaRity: mOsm/kg
osmolaLity: mOsm/L

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63
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

number of osmotically active particles in solution

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64
Q

Osmolarity is based soley on the __________

A

solute concentration

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65
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pressure required to stop movement of water from one compartment to another

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66
Q

What is an ideal v. non-ideal membrane?

A

ideal: only permiable to H2O
non-ideal: permiable to H2O and solute

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67
Q

What is the osmotic pressure if the membrane is permeable to water and all solutes?

A

0

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68
Q

What does it mean if a membrane reflects solute?

A

non-permiable membrane

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69
Q

What value indicates a reflection coefficient for a non-permiable membrane?

A

1

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70
Q

What does it mean if a membrane doesn’t reflects solute?

A

permeable membrane

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71
Q

What value indicates a reflection coefficient for a permiable membrane?

A

0

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72
Q

What is normal plasma osmolarity?

A

300 mOsm

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73
Q

How do you calculate osmolarity?

A

molarity x particles
(concentration) x (number of particles broken down into)

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74
Q

What is tonicity?

A

measure of the water gradient that exists between two solutions

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75
Q

tonicity depends on what 2 factors?

A

solute concentration
permeability of membrane

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76
Q

What value is considered hyperosmotic?

A

> 300 mOsm

77
Q

What value is considered hyposmotic?

A

< 300 mOsm

78
Q

A solution with lesser osmotic strength than solution inside the cell and solute is not permeable across membrane will cause cell to _____ and is considered a __________ solution

A

swell
hypotonic
* Water moves in the direction of higher osmotic pressure

79
Q

A solution with greater osmotic strength than solution inside the cell and solute is not permeable across membrane will cause cell to _____ and is considered a __________ solution

A

shrink
hypertonic
* Water moves in the direction of higher osmotic pressure

80
Q

Osmolarity of a solution is no an accurate predictor of its _______. Why?

A

tonicity
easily membrane permeable solutes (glycerol/urea), when placed in hypertonic solution (500 mOsm of glycerol = hyperosmotic solution), the cell will swell

81
Q

What is a diffusion dipole?

A

K+ (small molecule) leads Ac- (large molecule) through the membrane

82
Q

What happens when a membrane is permeable to only one ion and not the other?

A

the resting membrane potential will equal the equilibrium potential for that ion

ex: resting potential = difference in K+ inside and outside

83
Q

What is the Nerst equation and what does it tell you?

A

Eion = 60/charge x log [outside]/[inside]
(equilibrium potential) potential at equilibrium conditions where there is no current and no concentration gradient

84
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

charge difference between inside and outside of cell

85
Q

What is equilibrium potential?

A

potential (charge) at which ion will not cross barrier anymore because charge on that side is sufficient (no more gradient)

86
Q

At Nerst’s equilibrium potential for an ion, there is no movement because…

A

chemical and electrical driving forces are equal and opposite

87
Q

Do all cells have membrane potential?

A

yes

88
Q

What is a reversal potential?

A

outside current exceeds equilibrium potential so the flow of ions would go AGINST its concentration gradient

89
Q

Does the action potential ever actually reach E na?

A

No

90
Q

What is the positive feedback loop in an action poteential?

A

depolarization/influx of Na

91
Q

What breaks the positive feedback loop in an action potential?

A

closure of Na channels

92
Q

Na channels are _______ dependent activation
K channels are ________ dependent activation

A

Na: voltage dependent
K: voltage dependent

93
Q

What is the normal resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

94
Q

What is the usual Na+ potential?

A

+60 mV

95
Q

What is the usual K+ potential?

A

-90 mV

96
Q

What are the basic steps of action potential?

A
  1. depolarization
  2. action potential
  3. repolarization
  4. refractory period
  5. rest
97
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A
  1. Na+ channels open
  2. Na enters cell
  3. cell becomes more positive
98
Q

What happens right after depolarization?

A

action potential (Na channels close)

99
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A
  1. K+ channels open
  2. K+ leaves cell
  3. cell becomes more negative
100
Q

Does the cell become more positive or negative during depolarization?

A

positive

101
Q

Does the cell become more positive or negative during repolarization?

A

negative

102
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization?

A

membrane potential moves to resting potential (-70 mV) but over shoots it

103
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

no stimulus can trigger another action potential

104
Q

What is the relative refractory peroid?

A

larger than normal stimulus can trigger a new action potential

105
Q

What prevents backward conduction of action potential?

A

refractory period

106
Q

How does the action potential propogate?

A

spreads to nearby section of axon (domino affect)

107
Q

What does myelin do?

A

stops leakage of current
increases action

108
Q

Why is myelin not continuous?

A

allows for Na and K channels
* Node of Ranvier
and speed

109
Q

What is the origin of membrane potentials?

A

the K+ that leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside via leak K+ channels and generates a negative charge in the inside of the membrane

110
Q

Velocity of action potential os determined by what 3 factors?

A
  1. diameter/resistance of neuron
  2. size of stimulus
  3. degree of mylenation
111
Q

How is the threshold reached to trigger an action potential?

A

a stimulus raises the intracellular potential to a threshold level and Na+ channels open instantaneously

112
Q

How is an action potential an all or nothing process?

A

because unless this trigger is reached, an action potential will not happen

113
Q

Na channels are _______ dependent inactivation
K channels are ________ dependent inactivation

A

Na: time dependent
K: voltage dependent

114
Q

Whats the autonomic nervous system?

A

involvuntary

115
Q

Whats the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary

116
Q

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

117
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight

118
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest

119
Q

How does the autonomic v. somatic NS effect path differ?

A

autonomic: indirect path (ganglion)
somatic: direct path

120
Q

Somatic nervous system always release _______ at neuromuscular junction to induce muscle contractions

A

acetyl choline

121
Q

What are pre-ganglionic neurons?

A

cell bodies in spinal cord and is controlled by higher brain centers

122
Q

What are post-ganglionic neurons?

A

send their axons directly to effector organs

123
Q

Does the sympathetic NS use acetylcholine or norepinephrine?

A

both

124
Q

Does the parasympathetic NS use acetylcholine or norepinephrine?

A

acetylcholine

125
Q

What receptor does the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS use use to recept pre-ganglionic acetylcholine?

A

nicotinic receptor

126
Q

What receptor does the sympathetic NS use to recept post-ganglionic norepinephrine?

A

adrenergic receptor

127
Q

What receptor does the parasympathetic NS use to recept post-ganglionic acetylcholine?

A

muscarinic receptor

128
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons secrete _________

A

acetylcholine

129
Q

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic axons release __________

A

acetylcholine

130
Q

sympathetic postganglionic axons release ___________

A

norepinephrine

131
Q

What is the exception involving sympathetic axons that do not secrete norepinephrine but acetylcholine instead?

A

sweat, muscle hairs, and blood vessels
* in F/F there is a rise in body heat causing you to sweat to lower your temperature
also increased vasodilation for muscles to get more blood

132
Q

SYMPATHETIC Pre-ganglionic nerves leave spinal cord from ______ to _____

A

throacic to lumbar

133
Q

SYMPATHETIC PRE-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

A

short
myleinated

134
Q

SYMPATHETIC POST-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

A

long
unmyelinated

135
Q

Sympathetic ganglia are located close to spinal cord or target organ?

A

spinal cord

136
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC Pre-ganglionic nerves leave spinal cord at ______ and _____

A

cranial
sacral

137
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC PRE-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

A

myleinated
long

138
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC POST-ganglionic axons are short/long and myleinated/unmyleinated

A

unmyelinated
short

139
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia are located close to spinal cord or target organ?

A

target

140
Q

What is the special nerve for the parasympathetic NS?

A

CR X
vagus nerve

141
Q

Where is the vagus nerve located?

A

across diaphragm

142
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

organs have both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses

143
Q

What organ does not have dual innervation?

A

only has sympathetic b/c could not handle the change in dilation

144
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine activates what receptor type?

A

adrenergic receptor

145
Q

What kind of receptor is adrenergic recptors?

A

GPCR

146
Q

What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

147
Q

Norepinephrine activates mainly ____ adrenergic receptors

A

alpha

148
Q

epinephrine activates mainly ____ adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and beta equally

149
Q

alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are G___

A

Gq (activate)

150
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic receptors are G___

A

Gi (inhibitory)

151
Q

beta 1 adrenergic receptors are G___

A

Gs (activate)

152
Q

acetylcholine activates what kind of receptor?

A

cholinergic receptors

153
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

muscarinic
nicotinic

154
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic neurons

155
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

cell bodies of postganglonic neurons

156
Q

What are nicotinic receptors stimulated by?

A

acetylcholine

157
Q

What are muscarinic receptors stimulated by?

A

aceetylcholine

158
Q

Nicotinic receptors are ______ channels

A

ligand gated ion

159
Q

what is autonomic tone?

A

balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

160
Q

What part of the brain is important for the autonomic NS?

A

hypothalamus

161
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

control endocrine (under hypothalamus)

162
Q

What gland secretes mpost of the bodies epinepherine? and cortisol

A

adrenal gland (stress response)

163
Q

What receptor is used in the stress response?

A

nicotinic receptor

164
Q

What are the 4 fluid compartments of the body?

A
  1. ICF
  2. ECF
  3. plasma
  4. specialized fluid
165
Q

What is the 60:40:20 rule?

A

60% x body weight = water
40% x body weight = ICF
20% x body weight = ECF

166
Q

How do you calculate the amount of plasma in the body

A

ECF x 25%

167
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure exerted by solute in blood capillaries

168
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure on walls

169
Q

What are starling forces?

A

forces responsible for moving fluid in and out of capillaries

170
Q

What is the NET filtration pressure at the arterial end?

A

10 mmHg

171
Q

What is the NET filtration pressure at the venous end?

A

-7 mmHg

172
Q

What end of the capillary does fluid leave?

A

arterial

173
Q

What end of capillaries does fluid enter?

A

venous

174
Q

How does edema happen?

A

increase in pressure on the venous end of capillaries causes decrease in fluid absorption leading to pooling in tissue

175
Q

lower concentration = ____ osmotic pressure

A

lower

176
Q

higher concentration = _____ osmotic pressure

A
177
Q

If only one ion can pass then what happens to the concentration of ion at equilibrium?

A

no change in concentration

178
Q

increased/decreased membrane potential = more negative

A

increased

179
Q

increased/decreased membrane potential = more positive

A

decreased

180
Q

For ATPase, ___ Na in or out and ____ K in or out

A

3 Na – out
2 K – in

181
Q

What is the partition coefficent?

A

the more soluble in lipid a solute is the easier it passes the membrane

182
Q

tight junctions are selectively ________

A

permeable

183
Q

apical side is located…

A

outside

184
Q

basal side is located ….

A

inside

185
Q

what is transcellular epithelial transport?

A

transport through the cells

186
Q

what is paracellular epithelial transport?

A

transport between cells (junctions)

187
Q

What is a leaky epithelia?

A

periable to ions

188
Q

What is a tight epithelia?

A

not permeable to ions

189
Q

Can water do para and/or trans-cellular transport?

A

yes (follows solute)

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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