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OLD "MBS 603" > Lecture & Vodcast 1 -- Exam 5 > Flashcards

Lecture & Vodcast 1 -- Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The ______________ is responsible for processing the body’s sensory input like light and temperature

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

The ______________ in the brain recognizes stress

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

The pituitary sits on the ___________ bone

A

sphenoid

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4
Q

What tissue type is the anterior pituitary made of?

A

oral epithelium

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5
Q

What tissue type is the posterior pituitary made of?

A

neural tissue

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6
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus stalk

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7
Q

What is the first symptoms of a pituitary tumor vision issues?

A

optical chiasm is being compressed by tumor

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8
Q

___________ signaling is when signal molecule travels to act far from where it was made

A

endocrine

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9
Q

_____________ signaling is when signal molecules acts on neighboring cells

A

paracrine

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10
Q

_____________ signaling is when signal molecules act on the cell that secreted it

A

autocrine

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11
Q

_______________ signaling is when signal molecules produced in CNS act somewhere else in to body

A

neuro-endocrine

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12
Q

What are 2 examples of peptide/protein hormones?

A

growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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13
Q

_______________ hormones are synthesized as pre-hormones, stored in secretory vesicles, and are released when intracellular Ca2+ rises

A

Peptide/protein

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14
Q

____________ hormones are derived from tyrosine

A

Amine

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15
Q

What are 2 examples of amine hormones?

A

epi/norepinepherine (EPI/NOREPI)
thyroid hormone (TH)

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16
Q

___________ hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

steroid

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17
Q

What are 2 examples of steroid hormones?

A

cortisol
testosterone

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18
Q

____________ hormones are synthesized in cytoplasm and mitochondria and not stored long term

A

steroid

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19
Q

_________ hormones are not synthesized as pre-hormones and are not stored long term

A

amine

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20
Q

Increased concentration of ______ causes release of peptide/protein hormones

A

Ca2+

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of G-coupled protein receptors peptide/protein hormones use?

A

Gs
Gq
Gi

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22
Q

What hormone type can freely pass through cell membranes via passive diffusion?

A

steroid hormones

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23
Q

What hormone is transported in blood bound to proteins because they have a short half life?

A

steroid hormones

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24
Q

What hormone interacts with intracellular receptors and doesn’t have cell membrane receptors?

A

steroid hormones

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25
Q

What hormone acts as a gene inducer or supressor?

A

steroid hormones

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26
Q

What are the 2 negative feedback mechanisms used to regulate hormone secretion?

A
  1. physiological regualted
  2. hypothalamic regulated
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27
Q

How can hormone secretion be physiologically regulated?

A

The physiological effect of the hormone (glucagon raising BG) causes release of a compound which enters blood and can tell endocrine glands to turn off secretion

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28
Q

Hypothalamic regulation of hormone secretion has a _______ loop and _______ loop

A

long loop
short loop

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29
Q

How can hormone secretion be hypothalamiclly regulated?

A

hormone can act on the target organ but also loop back and effect glands/organs back upstream to cut them off

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30
Q

____________ ___________ from the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to release hormones

A

release hormones (RH)

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31
Q

What is the role of hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels?

A

blood vessels that deliver release hormones to ANTERIOR pituitary

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32
Q

What is the role of the median eminence?

A

location where releasing hormones enter the blood stream (hypothalmic stalk)

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33
Q

What are the 5 hormones the anterior pituitary releases?

A

prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
LH & FSH
ACTH
growth hormone (GH)

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34
Q

Why are hypothalamic releasing hormones secreted in pulses?

A

to make sure a new membrane receptor is always present

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35
Q

What is the second messenger pathway of Gs receptors?

A
  1. activate adenylyl cyclase
  2. cAMP
  3. PKA
  4. rise in intracellular calcium
  5. release hormone
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36
Q

What is the second messenger pathway of Gq receptors?

A
  1. PLC
  2. IP3
  3. rise in intracellular calcium and PKC
  4. release hormone
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37
Q

What is the second messenger pathway of Gi receptors?

A

PLA blocks stimulatory pathway to prevent release of hormone from cell

38
Q

What kind of receptor does insulin have?

A

intracellular tyrosine kinase domains

39
Q

What kind of receptor does growth hormone have?

A

intracellular tyrosine kinase domains with JAKs

40
Q

The hypothalamic hormone, CRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______

A

ACTH

41
Q

The hypothalamic hormone, TRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______

A

TSH

42
Q

The hypothalamic hormone, dopamine, inhibits pituitary hormone ______

A

PRL

43
Q

The hypothalamic hormone, GnRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______

A

FSH/LH

44
Q

The hypothalamic hormone, GHRH, stimulates pituitary hormone ______

A

GH

45
Q

The hypothalamic hormone, GHIH (somatostatin), inhibits pituitary hormone ______

A

GH

46
Q

A __________ endocrine disease affects what adrenal gland, thyroid and gonads

A

primary

47
Q

A ___________ endocrine disease affects the pituitary gland

A

secondary

48
Q

A ____________ endocrine disease affects the hypothalamus

A

tertiary

49
Q

How is stimulation by the hypothalamus of the posterior pituitary different than the anterior

A

posterior is neural tissue so the hypothalamus axons stretch all the way into the pituitary

50
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

51
Q

Hypertrophy is the enlargement of _______

A

cells

52
Q

Hyperplasia is the increased replication of _______

A

cells

53
Q

What are the 4 jobs of growth hormones?

A
  1. promote linear growth
  2. reduce adipose tissue (fat loss)
  3. enhance lean body mass (increase muscle)
  4. stimulation of immune system
54
Q

What 2 common hormones are NOT important in fetal development and only appear after you are born?

A

GH and T3

55
Q

What type of hormone is GH?

A

protein/peptide hormone

56
Q

__________ store mature GH in the pituitary until GHRH stimulates the cell to release the GH

A

somatotroph

57
Q

Hypothalamic releasing hormones trigger __________ _________ systems in target cells which includes Ca2+, cAMP, and PKC

A

second messenger

58
Q

What are the 2 stimuli for GH secretion?

A

exercise and sleep

  • mainly sleep
59
Q

Why does GH increase during exercise and sleep?

A

GH increases blood glucose so its release during these “fasting conditions”

60
Q

Why can GH interact with PRL and hCS receptors?

A

they all share similar structure

61
Q

Does GH increase or decrease blood glucose?

A

increase

62
Q

In the muscle, what is GH’s affect on amino acid uptake?

A

increases amino acid uptake (for protein synthesis)

  • building muscle
63
Q

In the muscle, what is GH’s affect on protein synthesis?

A

increased protein synthesis

64
Q

In the muscle, what is GH’s affect on glucose uptake?

A

decrease

65
Q

In the muscle, what is GH’s affect on muscle mass?

A

increase

66
Q

In the liver, what is GH’s affect on protein synthesis?

A

increase

67
Q

In the liver, what is GH’s affect on gluconeogenesis?

A

increase (release more glucose into blood)

68
Q

In the liver, what is GH’s affect on somatmedin production?

A

increase (for production of somatmedins IGF1&2)

69
Q

What are the 2 somatmedins?

A

IGF-1
IGF-2

70
Q

In adipose tissue, what is GH’s affect on glucose uptake?

A

decreases uptake

71
Q

In adipose tissue, is GH lipogenic or lipolytic?

A

lipolytic (breaks down fat)

72
Q

Why is GH considered diabetogenic?

A

decreases glucose uptake
** opposes insulin

73
Q

What is the somatomedin hypothesis?

A

GH cannot act alone, it must induce the secretion of IGF-1 & 2

74
Q

What is the affect of somatomedins (IGFs) on linear and tissue growth?

A

increase

75
Q

Somatomedins function is known as __________ because it stimulates the building of bone and tissue

A

anabolic

76
Q

GH directly differentiates precursor cells but GH indirectly induce cell expansion because GH requires __________ to do this

A

somatomedins (IGFs)

77
Q

The duel collaboration of IGF and GH results in increased __________ and increased __________

A

growth
hypertrophy (enlargement of cells)

78
Q

What hormone can increase and inhibit GH secretion and why?

A

gonadal steroids (mainly estrogen)

at first accelerates linear growth then closes the epiphyseal plates (stops growth)

79
Q

Why does the somatomedins (IGF-1) peak during puberty?

A

increased growth

increased secretion of GH and IGF-1 which causes increased linear growth

80
Q

What hormone secreted by the hypothalamus regulates GH so no GH is secreted from pituitary vesicles?

A

somatostain

81
Q

What kind of receptor does somatostatin use on GH vesicles in the pituitary?

A

Gi (inhibit the release of intracellular Ca2+)

82
Q

What are the two ways negative feedback can inhibit GH secretion?

A
  1. GH autocrinley inhibit itself
  2. IGF can inhibit release of GHRH in hypothalamus by stimulating the production of somatostain
83
Q

Does stress inhibit or promote GH secretion?

A

promote

need BG for sympathetic response

84
Q

What is high glucose and free FAs affect on GH release?

A

inhibits GH release

85
Q

How does somatostatin’s Gi receptor inhibit GH secretion?

A

Gi opens K+ channels which hyperpolarizes the cell which keeps the Ca2+ channels closed so hormone vesicles are not exocytosed

86
Q

How does GHRH’s Gs receptor cause release of GH from pituitary?

A
  1. adenyly cyclase
  2. cAMP
  3. open Na+ channels to depolarizes cell
  4. Ca2+ channels open
  5. rise in intracellular Ca2+
87
Q

Decreased GH secretion from pituitary results in the lack of what hormone?

A

IGF

  • smaller statue
88
Q

Giantism is when excess GH is present __before/after__ closure of epiphyses

A

before

  • occurs before adulthood
89
Q

Acromegaly is when excess GH is present __before/after__ closure of epiphyses

A

after

  • protruding features
90
Q

Why does Acromegaly (excess GH) cause infertility?

A

PRL and GH share a receptor

91
Q

2 ways to test for acromegaly is serum _____ levels and ________ tolerance tests

A

IGF
glucose

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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