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OLD "MBS 603" > Lecture 1 -- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 -- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the heart has the highest pressure?

A

left heart

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2
Q

What side of the heart has oxygenated blood?

A

left

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3
Q

Which side of the heart has de-oxygenated blood?

A

right

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4
Q

Do veins or arteries bring blood to the heart?

A

veins

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5
Q

Do veins or arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

arteries

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6
Q

Do veins or arteries take blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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7
Q

What chamber of the heart is mainly responsible for pumping the blood?

A

ventricles

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8
Q

Is diastole relaxed or contracted state?

A

relaxed

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9
Q

Is systole relaxed or contracted state?

A

contracted

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10
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

aortic valve
pulmonary valve

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11
Q

What are the 2 AV valves?

A

mitral valve
tricuspid valve

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12
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

between ventricles and arteries

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13
Q

Where are the AV valves located?

A

between atrium and ventricles

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14
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendineae?

A

keeps AV valves closed to prevent back flow into the atrium

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15
Q

What is thee role of the papillary muscles?

A

controls chordae tendineae on the AV valves

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16
Q

When are the chordae tendineae pulled taught like a parachute?

A

when ventricles contract valve balloons up to prevent blood from going back into the atrium

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17
Q

What are the 4 blood vessel structures?

A

arteries
arterioles
capillaries
veins

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18
Q

What blood vessel structure is referred to as the “pressure reservoir” and why?

A

arteries
store pressure generated during systole and release it during diastole

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19
Q

Do arteries stretch to accommodate the pressure during ventricular diastole or systole?

A

systole

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20
Q

Are arterioles elastic? Why or why not?

A

No, they have smooth muscle around them that allows for contractions and relaxation

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21
Q

What blood vessel most regulates blood pressure?

A

arterioles (due to their smooth muscles)

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22
Q

What blood vessel is the site of gas and nutrient exchange with tissue?

A

capillaries

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23
Q

What blood vessel has only endothelium (no smooth muscle or elastic tissue)?

A

capillaries (need to diffuse nutrients easily)

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24
Q

Why are capallaries located everywhere?

A

uses diffusion for exchange of nutrients which only works with short distances

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the pre-capillary sphincters?

A

diverts blood flow during fight or flight response

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26
Q

What blood vessel has a large diameter and thin walls?

A

veins

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27
Q

What blood vessel is referred to as the “volume reservoir” and why?

A

veins
contains the highest volume of blood

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28
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

prevent blood from pooling in legs (valves pop opened when muscles contraction)

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29
Q

What blood vessel has valves?

A

veins

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30
Q

What blood vessel has the most surface area and why?

A

capillaries
does lots of diffusion

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31
Q

What blood vessel has the highest blood volume?

A

veins

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32
Q

What are the 4 steps to electrical signals spreading through the heart?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. His bundle
  4. purkinje fibers
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33
Q

What node has the slowest conduction in the heart and why?

A

AV node
allows time for ventricles to fill

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34
Q

What are the 4 steps to a SA node action potential?

A
  1. hyperpolarization activates HCN channels– slow entry of Na+ via HCN channels and Ca2+
  2. depolarization – rapid influx of Ca2+ into cell
  3. Ca2+ channels close
  4. repolarization – K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell
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35
Q

How is the SA node trigger to fire an action potential?

A

spontaneously triggered
due to unstable resting potential due to initial opening of HCN (Na+) channels that sensitive to hyper polarization

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36
Q

HCN channels are sensitive to what 2 things?

A
  1. cAMP
  2. hyperpolarization
37
Q

What is the process of a SA node action potential in the sympathetic response?

A
  1. sympathetic nerves secrete epinephrine
  2. epinephrine binds to B1 receptor
  3. adenylate cyclase is stimulated and creates cAMP
  4. more HCN channels open since more cAMP is present
  5. faster heart rate
38
Q

What is the process of a SA node action potential in the parasympathetic response?

A
  1. parasympathetic nerves secrete acetyl choline
  2. acetyl choline binds to M2 receptor
  3. M2 receptor inhibits adenylate cyclase so no cAMP is made
  4. less HCN channels open since no cAMP is present (less Ca+ influx)
  5. lower heart rate
39
Q

Does adenylate cyclase activity increase or decrease heart rate and why?

A

increase HR
produces cAMP which opens more HCN channels

40
Q

During the parasympathetic response, HCN channels only rely on ______________ and not cAMP levels

A

hyperpolarization

41
Q

Does cAMP increase or decrease HR?

A

increase

42
Q

Does acetyl choline increase or decrease HR?

A

decrease

43
Q

What are the 5 steps of Atria/Ventricular action potentials?

A
  1. depolarization – Na+ channels open and Na+ enters cell
  2. Na+ channels close
  3. repolarization – K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell
  4. platue phase – Ca2+ channels open and Ca+ enters cell while K+ is still leaving
  5. repolarization – Ca+ begin to close and K+ channels dominate
44
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Na+ channel are closed and no stimulus can activate a new action potential

45
Q

What is the effective refractory peroid?

A

Na+ channels begin to recover (some Na+ influx) but not enough for a new action potential

46
Q

What is the relative refectory period?

A

requires a larger than normal stimulus for a new action potential

47
Q

What is the supranormal refractory period?

A

membrane is more excitable than normal because membrane potential is closer to threshold than resting potential
* easier to start a new action potential than normal

48
Q

What is an ECG?

A

measures differences in skin potentials that reflect electrical activity in the heart (sum of all action potentials)

49
Q

What happens during the P wave on an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization (contraction)

50
Q

What happens during the PR segment on an ECG?

A

conduction through the AV node and bundles

51
Q

What happens during the QRS complex of an ECG?

A

ventricular depolarization (contraction)

52
Q

What happens during the T wave of an ECG?

A

ventricular repolarization (relaxed)

53
Q

During a SA node action potential, the beginning slow influx of Na+ is referred to as…

A

funny current (If)

54
Q

Depolarization means contraction of releaxed?

A

contraction

55
Q

Repolarization means contraction or relaxed?

A

relaxed

56
Q

What is referred to as the volume of blood flowing through any tissue at a given time?

A

blood flow

57
Q

What is referred to as the volume of blood circulating through the vessels each minute

A

cardiac output

58
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

heart rate x stroke volume

59
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart’s left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction

60
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

61
Q

What is end diastolic and systolic volume?

A

end diastolic volume: volume of blood in ventricles once they fill (after atrium contracts)
end systolic volume: volume of blood left after ventricle contraction

62
Q

What 3 things is stroke volume determined by?

A
  1. preload
  2. afterload
  3. contractility
63
Q

The higher the resistance to blood flow the _______ the blood flow

A

smaller

64
Q

The greater the pressure difference, the __________ the blood flow

A

greater

65
Q

Is blood velocity higher or low in narrow tubes?

A

higher

66
Q

Fluid flows only if there is a _________ pressure gradient

A

positive

67
Q

Fluid flow depends on the magnitude of the ___________ ___________ rather than the overall pressure

A

pressure gradient

68
Q

When fluid begins to flow through a system, the pressure falls with distance as energy is lost to ___________

A

friction

69
Q

Is the pressure farther away from the heart higher or lower than the pressure near the heart?

A

lower

70
Q

The path of blood through arteries to arterioles to capillaries to veins is known as ___________ resistance while the path of blood through just capillary beds is referred to as _________ resistance

A

series

parallel

71
Q

Cardiac output depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. pressure differences
  2. vessel resistance flow
72
Q

What is the main determining facor of blood velocity?

A

diameter of blood vessel (narrower the faster)

73
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

cumulative resistance of thousands of vessels in the body

74
Q

The total peripheral resistance is roughly equal to resistance of the __________

A

arteriole (resistance vessel)

75
Q

What is the one exception to the rule that the total peripheral resistance is roughly equal to resistance of the arterioles

A

lungs (low pressure system)

76
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

resistance = 1 / (vessel radius)^4

77
Q

Small changes in vessel diameter/size has a significant effect on flow _______

A

rate

78
Q

If the radius of a vessel is doubled the flow increases or decreases 16-fold?

A

increases (more open the vessel the more can flow through)

79
Q

What affects the flow resistance the most?

A

radius of vessel

80
Q

What is vascular distensibility?

A

ability of vessels to stretch under pressure
** all blood vessels are distensible

81
Q

What blood vessel is the most distensible and why?

A

veins
contains the most amount of blood

82
Q

Why won’t you loose much blood if you cut a vein compared to an artery?

A

veins have lower pressure

83
Q

Are small or large vessels the dominant contributers to flow resitance?

A

small

84
Q

Flow regulation is accomplished by vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the __________

A

arterioles

85
Q

Blood flow from areas of _________ to _________ pressure

A

high to low

86
Q

Blood flow is opposed by the ____________ of a system

A

resistance

87
Q

What 3 factors affect resistance?

A

radius of vessels
length of vessels
viscosity of blood

88
Q

What unit is flow measured in?

A

L/min
mL/min

89
Q

What unit is velocity measured in?

A

cm/min
mm/sec

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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