Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OLD "MBS 603" > Exam 4 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 general functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. maintains body composition (volume, osmolarity, pH)
  2. excretes metabolites (urea, toxins)
  3. generates glucose (gluconeogensis)
  4. produces and secretes hormones/enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the renal pelvis and ureter?

A

funnels urine into kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What supplies blood to the kidney?
What removes blood (containing reabsorbed solutes) from the kidney?

A

supply: renal artery
removes: renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What part of the kidneys contains the glomerulus?

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are medulla pyramids?

A

contains nephrons and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are minor and major calix?

A

where urine drips into renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where on the spine level are the kidneys located?

A

T12 - L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The kidneys are _______________ which means they are outside the peritoneal cavity

A

retro-peritoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Kidneys receive ___% of cardiac output

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

solute moves from tubule lumen —> interstitial fluid

  • tubule to peritubular capillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is secretion?

A

solute moves from interstitial fluid –> tubule lumen

  • peritubular capillary to tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is excretion?

A

removal of solute from tubule via urine excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is filtration?

A

removing solute from bloodstream

  • capillary to bowmans space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is body mass balance?

A

total input = total output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the intakes and out takes for body mass balance?

A

intake: food/water and metabolic products

outtake: urine, renal vein, lymphatic output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the filtration rate fraction?

A

GFR/RPF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the order tubules in the nephron?

A
  1. proximal tubule
  2. thin descending loop of Henle
  3. thin ascending loop of Henle
  4. thick ascending loop of Henle
  5. distal convoluted tubule
  6. collecting duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you calculate water composition?

A

60% x weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you calculate ECF?

A

20% x weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you calculate ICF?

A

40% x weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you calculate interstitial fluid?

A

75% x ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you calculate plasma volume?

A

25% x ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What’s the pressure that drives fluid from glomerulus capillary to Bowmans space?

A

hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the pressure that drives fluid from Bowmans space to the glomerulus capillary?

A

osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Na+ and Cl- dominate extracellularly or intracellularly?

A

extracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

K+ and phosphate dominate extracellularly or intracellularly?

A

intracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s more permeable, the cell membrane or the capillary membrane?

A

capillary membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What’s the driving force for solute movement?

A

osmolarity/osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Intake of a isotonic NaCl solution…
type:
ECF volume:
ECF osmolarity:

A

type: isosmotic volume expansion
ECF volume: increase
ECF osmolarity: no change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mild diarrhea…
type:
ECF volume:
ECF osmolarity:

A

type: isosmotic volume contraction
ECF volume: decrease
ECF osmolarity: no change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

High NaCl intake…
type:
ECF volume:
ECF osmolarity:

A

type: hyperosmotic volume expansion
ECF volume: increase
ECF osmolarity: increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Excessive sweating…
type:
ECF volume:
ECF osmolarity:

A

type: hyperosmotic volume contraction
ECF volume: decrease
ECF osmolarity: increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Excessive water intake…
type:
ECF volume:
ECF osmolarity:

A

type: hyposmotic volume expansion
ECF volume: increase
ECF osmolarity: decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Adrenal insufficiency…
type:
ECF volume:
ECF osmolarity:

A

type: hyposmotic volume contraction
ECF volume: decrease
ECF osmolarity: decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is GFR?

A

how much blood is filtered by glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do you calculate filtered load of a solute?

A

GFR x [solute in plasma]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do you calculate excretion rate of solute?

A

urinary flow x [solute in urine]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

During reabsorption, filtered load ___ excretion rate of solute

A

filtered load > excretion rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

During secretion, filtered load ___ excretion rate of solute

A

filtered load < excretion rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is clearance?

A

measurement of renal function to clear a solute (vol/time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why inulin a good marker for GFR?

A

freely filtered by the glomerulus, is not secreted or reabsorbed in the tubules
* trapped in tubule lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do you calculate the clearance (GFR) of a solute?

A

urinary flow x [solute in urine] / [solute in plasma]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

For inulin, filtered load ___ excretion rate

A

filtered load = excretion rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

[creatinine] in plasma is __________ proportional to GFR

A

inversely proportional

45
Q

What are the 3 filtration barriers that determine the composition of the ultra-filtrate?

A
  1. capillary endothelium
  2. glomerulus basement membrane
  3. podocyte foot process
46
Q

Out of all 3 of these, which is the most resistant to large molecules?
1. capillary endothelium
2. glomerulus basement membrane
3. podocyte foot process

A
  1. podocyte foot process

(closet layer to bowman’s space)

47
Q

Does hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure favor filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure

48
Q

Is hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure the driving force for GFR?

A

hydrostatic pressure

49
Q

What happens to renal plasma flow if you restrict the afferent arterioles?

A

decrease

50
Q

What happens to the hydrostatic pressure if you restrict the afferent arterioles?

A

decrease

51
Q

What happens to the GFR if you restrict the afferent arterioles?

A

decrease

52
Q

What happens to renal plasma flow if you restrict the efferent arterioles?

A

decrease

53
Q

What happens to hydrostatic pressure if you restrict the efferent arterioles?

A

increase

54
Q

What happens to GFR if you restrict the efferent arterioles?

A

increase then decrease

55
Q

When you restrict the efferent arterioles, why does hydrostatic pressure increase?

A

resistance downstream (from restricting efferent) causes build up of pressure upstream resulting in LOTS of filtration initially (increase GFR)
protein beings to build up in capillary causing osmotic pressure to eventually rise above hydrostatic pressure = decreased GFR

56
Q

How does changes in arteriole pressure affect glomerulus capillary and why does that affect GFR and hydrostatic pressure? And why?

A

no affect on any of them (**PRESSURE not resistance)

pressure needs to remain constant as not to filter too much solute

57
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that auto regulate renal function?

A
  1. myogenic mechanism
  2. tubuloglomerular feedback
58
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation?

A

increased stretch of smooth muscles (die to increased pressure) in arterioles stimulates Ca2+ channels, causing increased intracellular Ca2+ = more tension = more resistance to counteract stretch

59
Q

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of autoregulation?

A

a SINGLE nephron senses increases in lumenal Na+ at the macula densa cells = constriction of arterioles = decreased GFR/RBF

60
Q

How does Angiotensin II affect contraction and aldosterone?

A

increase contraction – increase resistance
increase aldosterone – increase sodium reabsorption

61
Q

How does aldosterone secretion affect…
Na+ reabsorption:
extracellular fluid:
potassium excretion:

A

increase Na+ reabsorption
increase extracellular fluid
increase potassium excretion

62
Q

What are 2 stimulators of aldosterone?

A

AT II
hyperkalemia (aldosterone will increase potassium excreation)

63
Q

What does spironolactone block and compete for receptor?

A

aldosterone

64
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

increase urine production to reducing fluid build up in body

65
Q

What do prostaglandins (PGE2) do to kidney function?

A

local vasodilator which allows kidneys to increase flow

66
Q

What is transcellular movement?

A

through cell

67
Q

What is paracellular movement?

A

between cells

68
Q

What affect paracellular movement?

A

voltage (Vte)

69
Q

What affects transcellular movement?

A

max transport rate

70
Q

What 3 epithelial characteristics affect solute movement?

A
  1. structure of tubule cells
  2. asymmetrical distribution of channels/transporters
  3. kinetic properties of transporters
71
Q

Does the proximal tubule have complex or simple cells and are they tight or leaky?

A

complex (very involved in absorption and secretion)
leaky (easier for diffusion)

72
Q

Glucose is transported via an active transporter which means it can become saturated. What is that affect on filtration, excretion, and reabsorption?

A

only affect reabsorption (only one that uses transporters) become saturated

73
Q

What is Tm in glucose reabsorption and what happens there?

A

glucose transporter is saturated
resulting in excess glucose in tubule lumen that will be excreted

74
Q

Why is there no glucose excreted at the beginning of the glucose Tm graph?

A

all the glucose is being filtered and reabsorbed

75
Q

What is the threshold on the glucose Tm graph?

A

plasma concentration at which solute first appears in urine

76
Q

What segment of tubule reabsorbes the most water?

A

proximal tubule

77
Q

What solutes are moved across proximal tubule cells for reabsorption?

A

Na+
Cl-
H2O

only early…
K+
HCO3-
glucose

78
Q

Fluid reabsorption in the proximal tubule is ____osmotic

A

isosmotic

79
Q

____% of Na+ is absorbed in proximal tubule

A

67%

80
Q

In proximal tubule, Na+ is transported paracellularly, transcellularly, or both?

A

both

81
Q

What is the Vte charge in the early proximal tubule and why?

A

negative (-4 mV)
Na+ paracellularly leaving lumen making it more negative

82
Q

What drives the reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and H2O in early proximal tubule?

A

negative Vte

83
Q

What is the Vte charge in the late proximal tubule and why?

A

positive (+4 mV)
Cl- paracellularly leaving lumen making it more positive

84
Q

Since fluid being reabsorbed in proximal tubule is isosmotic, every solute being absorbed has a _______ molecule reabsorbed with it

A

H2O
* water passively follows solutes

85
Q

Is hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure the driver for reabsorption?

A

osmotic pressure

86
Q

What is GT balance?

A

67% of Na+ is always reabsorbed along the proximal tubule, regardless of the change in filtered load

87
Q

What are the 2 factors that affect GT balance?

A
  1. peritubular factors (change in starling forces)
  2. luminal factors (tubule flow)
88
Q

If you increase the filtration fraction does the osmotic pressure increase or decrease and how does this aid in the GT balance?

A

increase
* build up of proteins = increase osmotic pressure = increase reabsorption so that there isn’t too much filtration of solute

89
Q

If you increase the filtration does that increase or decrease the hydrostatic pressure and how does this aid in the GT balance?

A

decrease
* enhances reabsorption so that there isn’t too much filtration of solute

90
Q

If you increase filtration fraction there is an increase in tubule flow, what is the affect of on the amount of time of the solute in the tubule and reabsorption?

A

solute stays in tubule longer and concentration decreases slower = increase reabsorption

91
Q

How much glucose, amino acids, and carboxylates are reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

almost 100%

92
Q

What mechanism is glucose, amino acids, and carboxylates are reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

secondary active transport
* paired with Na+ reabsorption

93
Q

How much potassium and calcium is reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

2/3

94
Q

What ion reabsorption closely follows fluid reabsorption?

A

K+

95
Q

Does K+ travel mainly paracellularly or transcellularly?

A

paracellularly

96
Q

Where is most Ca2+ reabsorbed?

A

thick ascending limb

97
Q

Does Ca+ travel mainly paracellularly or transcellularly?

A

paracellularly

98
Q

Does Mg+ travel mainly paracellularly or transcellularly?

A

paracellularly

99
Q

How much Mg+ is reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

15%

100
Q

What ion is excreted the most and why?

A

phosphate
aids in acid release

101
Q

How much phosphate is reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

80%

102
Q

Does phosphate travel mainly paracellularly or transcellularly?

A

transcellularly

  • active transport
103
Q

Reabsorption of phosphate is ____ limited causing it be excreted in urine.

A

Tm limited
(uses secondary active transporter)

104
Q

How much HCO3- is reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

80%

105
Q

H+ excretion into lumen is necessary for both reabsorption of ________ and excretion of __________ acids

A

HCO3-
non-volatile

106
Q

What 2 transporters are used to secrete organic anions?

A

anion coupled exchanger (apical)
DC2-coupled exchanger (basolateral)

107
Q

What is an example of a organic synthetic anion?

A

PAH

108
Q

What does the titration curve for PAH look like in terms of secretion?

A

Tm limited

increases then levels off

(active transporter on basolateral side for secretion)

109
Q
A

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions