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OLD "MBS 603" > Exam 3 -- Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 -- Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hemoglobin is an _______ carrier

A

O2

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2
Q

hemoglobin is a _____mer

A

tetramer

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3
Q

Each monomer of hemoglobin contains a ______ and ______

A

heme
globin

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4
Q

What part of hemoglobin binds O2?

A

heme

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5
Q

What part of the heme binds O2?

A

Fe+2 (ferrous iron)

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6
Q

Does Fe2+ or Fe3+ bind O2?

A

Fe+2 (ferrous iron)

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7
Q

Is hemoglobin bound to O2 in relaxed or tense state?

A

relaxed (planar)

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8
Q

Is dissolved O2 sufficient to support the body?

A

no

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9
Q

What enzyme reverses the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ (Fe3+ cannot bind O2)?

A

methemoglobin reductase

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10
Q

What makes fetal Hb different than adult Hb?

A

has a gamma subunit instead of beta
VERY high affinity for O2

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11
Q

HbA1 a-c are different ________ forms of HbA1

A

glycosylated

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12
Q

What is the most common abnormal sickling Hb?

A

HbS

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13
Q

Deoxygenated HbS has low ____________ which causes it to create crystal structures that cause sickling of RBC

A

solubility

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14
Q

As more O2 binds to Hb does the affinity for O2 increase or decrease?

A

increase (hence sigmoidal shape)

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15
Q

Why does Hb-O2 curve eventually level off?

A

hemoglobin becomes saturated and begin to load off O2 into tissues

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16
Q

Why does Hb-O2 curve have sigmoidal shape?

A

positive cooperativity
as move O2 binds there is increased affinity

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17
Q

At higher P O2, more Hb molecules have transitioned from tensed to relaxed state there for a higher/lower affinity for O2

A

higher affinity

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18
Q

On a Hb-O2 disassociation curve, oxygen deprivation causes the curve the shift left or right?

A

right

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19
Q

On a Hb-O2 disassociation curve, lots of oxygen present causes the curve the shift left or right?

A

left

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20
Q

What 3 things can affect the shape of the Hb-O2 curve?

A

temperature
pH
Co2
** metabolism effects

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21
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at low temperatures?

A

higher

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22
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at high temperatures?

A

lower

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23
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at low pH?

A

lower pH decreases oxygen affinity and promotes oxygen release

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24
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at high CO2 levels?

A

higher CO2 = lower pH
- decreases oxygen affinity and promotes oxygen release

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25
Q

Does high CO2 stimulate release or uptake of O2?

A

release

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26
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

low pH and high CO2 levels cause Hb to have a decreased affinity for O2

**shift O2 disassociation curve to right

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27
Q

At low pH and high CO2 does Hb release or hold on to O2?

A

release

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28
Q

Is pH or CO2 the dominant controller of Hb affinity for O2?

A

pH

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29
Q

What is the purpose of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

stabilizes the tense (deoxygenated) form of Hb, which reduces Hb’s affinity for oxygen.
* This increases the amount of free oxygen available for metabolically active tissues to use.

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30
Q

Which way does 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate? shift the Hb-O2 curve?

A

right (decrease O2 affinity)

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31
Q

Why does 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate bind easily to Hb?

A

its very negative and Hb is very positive

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32
Q

In the presence of low O2, anareobic glycolysis INCREASES/DECREASES, which means there is MORE/LESS 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate causing the RELEASE/UPTAKE of O2 by Hb.

A

increase anaerobic glycolysis

more 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

release of O2

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33
Q

Is 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate more or less active when O2 levels are low?

A

more

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34
Q

If 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate has low affinity, then Hb’s affinity for O2 is HIGHER/LOWER

A

higher

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35
Q

What Hb has a low affinity for 2,3-BPG which makes Hb have very very high affinity for O2?

A

fetal Hb

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36
Q

What is the goal when moving CO2 in the body?

A

needs to be moved from systemic capillaries to pulmonary capillaries and out of the lungs

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37
Q

What are the 5 forms CO2 is found in the body?

A

dissolved
carbonic acid
bicarbonate (most common)
carbonate
bound to Hb

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38
Q

Can Hb bind O2 and CO2 and why?

A

yes; needs to offload O2 and pick up CO2 to carry it out of body

39
Q

When CO2 binds to Hb, there is a release of H+ which RAISES/LOWERS Hb’s affinity for O2?

A

lowers

40
Q

Increased H+ promotes RELEASE/UPTAKE of O2 by Hb?

A

release (decreased affinity)

41
Q

high levels of bicarbonate (HCO3-) cause increased or decreased activity of carbonic anhydrase?

A

decreased (bicarbonate is the product) don’t need anymore product

42
Q

What does the hamburger shift allow?

A

movement of bicarbonate out of cell so carbonic anhydrase can continue to convert CO2 into bicarbonate

43
Q

Why is there cell swelling when CO2 is converted into bicarbonate via bicarbonate anhydrase?

A

H2O comes into cell because OH- (from H2O) is needed for carbonate anhydrase to convert CO2 into bicarbonate

44
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces CO2 from Hb, increasing the removal of CO2

45
Q

Low O2 promotes MORE/LESS CO2 binding to Hb in tissues.

A

more (to rid tissue of CO2)
** opposite in lungs

46
Q

Low O2 promotes MORE/LESS CO2 binding to Hb in lungs.

A

less (allow CO2 the be taken up by alveoli and out of lungs)

47
Q

In lungs does Hb have a low or high affinity for CO2 when CO2 levels are high?

A

low

48
Q

In tissue does Hb have a low or high affinity for CO2 when CO2 levels are high?

A

high

49
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

gas movement across the alveolar-capillary membrane occurs through the process of diffusion

50
Q

Gas uptake in the pulmonary system depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. phase of respiration
  2. diffusion barriers
51
Q

During inspiration…
surface area INCREASES/DECREASES

A

increases

52
Q

During inspiration…
barrier thickness INCREASES/DECREASES

A

decreases

53
Q

During inspiration…
Po2 in alveoli RISES/FALLS and PCO2 RISES?FALLS

A

PO2 rises
PCOS falls

54
Q

During inspiration…
PO2 INCREASES/DECREASES deeper into the lungs

A

decreases

55
Q

During inspiration…
PO2 gradient INCREASES/DECREASES along the capillary

A

decreases

56
Q

How is DL calculated in ficks law?

A

D1+D2+D3+…..
addition of all barriers together that must be passed

57
Q

What does it mean if a gas is diffusion limited?

A

gases capillary pressure cannot reach gases alveolar pressure

PP of gas DOESNT REACH DIFFUSION EQUILLIBRIUM

58
Q

If a gas is diffusion limited capillary pressure of gas ___ alveolar pressure of gas

A

capillary P < alveolar P

59
Q

If a gas is perfusion limited capillary pressure of gas ___ alveolar pressure of gas

A

capillary P = alveolar P

60
Q

What does it mean if a gas is perfusion limited?

A

concentration of gases on the two sides of the alveolo-capillary membrane becomes the same

PP of gas REACH DIFFUSION EQUILLIBRIUM

61
Q

In perfusion limited gases the overall uptake of gas INCREASES/DECREASES with increased blood flow

A

increase

62
Q

What is an example of a diffusion limited gas?

A

CO
carbon monoxide

63
Q

What is an example of perfusion limited gas?

A

N2O
nitrous oxide

64
Q

What makes CO a diffusion limited gas?

A

Hb has a very high affinity for CO so the partial pressure never gets very high because Hb picks CO up

65
Q

What makes N2O a perfusion limited gas?

A

has a high diffusion capacity and doesn’t bind to Hb well so N2O levels rise quickly and easily reach equilibrium

66
Q

Why will increase in cardiac output actually decrease uptake of diffusion limited gases?

A

less time for Hb to interact since blood is moving faster = less chance to uptake

67
Q

How does increasing cardiac output increase to uptake perfusion limited gases even though there is less time for interactions to uptake the gas?

A

amount of nitrous oxide taken up in the pulmonary capillaries depends entirely on the rate of pulmonary blood flow, not on the diffusion characteristics of the alveolar-capillary membrane

increased flow = increased uptake even though it might take a little longer than normal it will still reach equilibrium at end of capilalry

68
Q

Is O2 a diffusion or perfusion limited gas?

A

perfusion limited

69
Q

Is CO2 a diffusion or perfusion limited gas?

A

perfusion limited

70
Q

What are 4 example of the way an organisms acid-base balance is challenged?

A
  1. metabolism (CAC)
  2. ingestion
  3. lifestyle (exercise)
  4. pathology (vomiting, diabetes)
71
Q

The pH of body fluids is tightly regulated through 3 primary mechanisms. What are they?

A
  1. buffering system
  2. respiratory system
  3. kidney system
72
Q

What is the role of proton buffers?

A

minimize changes in pH

73
Q

What symbol are proton buffers represented?

A

HA

74
Q

What is the proton buffer equation?

A

(more acidic) HA <–> H+ + A- (more basic)

75
Q

When you have a single buffer, maximum buffering power is at the pH that equals _____

A

pK

76
Q

When you have multiple buffers, maximum buffering power is equal to …

A

sum of all buffering powers

77
Q

What is the most common proton buffer system in respiration?

A

CO2/HCO3-

78
Q

What is the proton buffer system equation of respiration?

A

CO2 + H2O <-carbonic anh.–> H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3-

79
Q

concentration of HCO3- is regulated by what organ?

A

kidneys

80
Q

concentration of CO2 is regulated by what organ?

A

lungs

81
Q

CO2/HCO3- buffering complex has a low pK but it still works very well. Why?

A

bicarbonate concentration is VERY high (it can build up) while CO2 concentration isn’t because it cant build up due to being blown off by lungs

** fixed [ ]

82
Q

Since CO2/HCO3- is a very powerful buffering system, when you add acid to it…

A

the acid immediately is neutralized while keeping solutions pH stable

83
Q

What is an open buffering system?

A

buffering power can increase exponentially with pH

84
Q

What is a closed buffering system?

A

buffering power reaches max at pK

85
Q

Is the bicarbonate buffering system open or closed?
What about CO2?

A

open

closed

86
Q

In the absence of other buffers, are you able to change the pH by changing the amount of HCO3- and CO2?

A

yes

87
Q

In respiratory acidosis, there is an increase in P CO2, What are the affects on…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
P CO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: decrease
[HCO3-]: increase
P CO2: increase
direction of equation: right

88
Q

In respiratory alkalosis, there is an decrease in P CO2, What are the affects on…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
P CO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: increase
[HCO3-]: decrease
P CO2: decrease
direction of equation: left

89
Q

In metabolic acidosis, there is an increase in acids, What are the affects on…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
P CO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: decrease
[HCO3-]: decrease
P CO2: none
direction of equation: left

  • metabolic does has no change in CO2 b/c lung blows it off
90
Q

In metabolic alkalosis, there is an increase in bases, What are the affects on…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
P CO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: increase
[HCO3-]: increase
P CO2: none
direction of equation: right

  • metabolic does has no change in CO2 b/c lung blows it off
91
Q

What does a right shift in the Hb-O2 diassociation curve mean?

A

low O2 saturation

92
Q

Carbamylated Hb releases ______

A

H+

93
Q

Is CO2 levels higher in systemic or pulmonary capillaries and why?

A

systemic because high CO2 promotes Hb to pick it up and carry away from tissue

94
Q

Is the CO2/HCO3 buffering system have a good pK?

A

No
very low
should be 7.4

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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