Exam 5 Quizzes & Workshops Flashcards
Growth hormone exerts many of its effects through the stimulation of what liver produced mediator?
IGF-1
Growth hormone primarily stimulates growth of which tissue types?
bones and muscles
What hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?
somatostatin
Growth hormone follows a diurnal rhythm with the highest levels occurring during…
deep sleep
What hormone secreted from the hypothalamus stimulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone?
GHRH
What 2 factors increase the secretion of GHRH?
sleep and exercise
IGF-1 primarily promotes bone lengthening by stimulating the activity of which cells?
chondrocytes
What is the effect of growth hormone on blood glucose levels?
increase BG
Growth hormone is secreted and synthesized by which cell in the anterior pituitary?
somatotrophs
Does growth hormone directly or indirectly affect linear bone growth and how?
indirectly
IGF-1 does it directly
Does growth hormone directly or indirectly affect blood glucose levels?
directly
_______ glycemia induces synthesis and secretion of GHRH and GH
hypoglycemia
Why is it important to check for thyroid function when someone has abnormally short stature?
thyroid hormone deficiency stunts bone lengthening
Does growth hormone induce lipolysis or lipogenesis?
lipolysis
- raise BG
If someone’s limbs were NOT proportional, would you suspect it to be hormonal, genetic, or chemical?
genetic
* ex: short legs but everything else is proportional
Overproduction of growth hormone can lead to excess production of _________
insulin
- to uptake all the excess glucose
Growth hormone is in excess before closure of growth-epiphyseal plate in what condition?
Giantism
Why is growth hormone referred to as “diabetogenic”?
raises BG
** opposes insulin
What cell type produces parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid gland?
chief cells
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone?
raise blood Ca2+ levels
What hormone stimulates the release of cortisol?
ACTH
What hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4?
TSH
What hormone does the opposite of parathyroid hormone?
calcitonin
- lowers Ca2+ levels
What tissue is the PRIMARY target of parathyroid hormone?
kidneys
What tissue is the SECONDARY target of parathyroid hormone?
bones
What is the consequence on Ca2+ levels if someone has hyperparathyroidism?
high Ca2+ levels
The active form of Vitamin D that acts on target tissues is called…
calcitriol
What is the primary target tissue of active vitamin D in the body?
gut
In the gut, calcitriol (active vitamin D) exerts its affects on the GI tract by increasing …
Ca2+ reabsorption
What is a good marker of bone turnover?
alkaline phosphatase
Calcitonin opposes the actions of what hormone?
PTH
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in the gut?
(indirectly) regulates Ca2+ levels
- vitamin D = reabsorbs Ca2+ and HPO3-
Humoral hypercalemia of malignancy is most commonly associated with the secretion of what hormone?
PTHrP
FSH hormone acts on what cell in the testes?
sertoli cells
FSH acts on what cell in the ovaries?
granulosa cells
What is the mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?
inhibition of breakdown of cGMP
How does inhibin regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
provides negative feedback to anterior pituitary to reduce FSH secretion
Inhibin reduces the secretion of what gonadal hormone?
FSH
During which phase of the menstural cycle does estrogen levels peak?
ovulation
How is so much estrogen able to be produced during ovulation?
estrogen suddenly switches from negative to positive feedback
How does estrogen affect the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
thickens and proliferates the endometrial lining
*estrogen establishes
How does progesterone affect the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
maintains the endometrial lining in a secretory state
- progesterone protects
In human females, when does meiosis II complete during oogenesis?
fertilization
What is the outcome of 2 mitotic divisions, in terms of chromosome numbers in terms of the gametes?
haploid cells with half the number of the parents
Which cells make up the blood testes barrier?
sertoli cells
Which stage of follicle development is characterized by the presence of a fluid filled cavity called the atrium?
graffian follicle
Which structure produces testosterone in the response to LH stimulation?
leydig cells
- both L
What is the main function of FSH in males?
increase expression of androgen-binding protein (ABP) by Sertoli cells
- ABP keeps testosterone high to support spermatogenesis
_________ feedback to anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH
inhibins
What is the role of FSH in ovaries?
stimulate growth and development of follicles
What hormone thickens and vascularizes the uterine lining?
progesterone
- progesterone protects
What structure is produces progesterone in response to LH after ovulation?
corpus luteum
What phase does the corpus lutem develop and start producing progesterone?
luteal phase
What organ is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?
liver
- glycogen stimulated
What tissue requires insulin for glucose entry into the cell?
muscle and adipose
Ketone body formation increases under what physiological conditions?
prolonged fasting
What nervous system will promote insulin secretion?
parasympathetic
Does reduced free fatty acids result in glucagon or insulin secretion?
glucagon
- fasting state
What is the function of metformin?
reduces glucose production by targeting liver gluconeogenesis
What is the action of GLP-1 agonist?
enhances insulin secretion and promotes satiety
What is the role of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in insulin secretion?
promote insulin release by depolarizing cell
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
Decrease blood glucose levels
During fasting, which hormone increases to stimulate the release of glucose from glycogen stores?
glucagon
In type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys…
Beta-cells
Which medication class is traditionally used as first-line therapy for managing type 2 diabetes?
metformin
What is a common long-term complication of poorly managed type 2 diabetes?
neuropathy
During fasting, which hormone increases to stimulate the release of glucose from glycogen stores?
Glucagon
What is the primary function of glycogen in the human body?
To act as a short-term energy reserve during fasting or exercise
GLUT-4 is primarily regulated by which hormone?
Insulin
Why is C-peptide measurement important in patients with diabetes?
It provides an assessment of endogenous insulin production
Hormones from the hypothalamus enter the blood stream of the pituitary gland at the _______ _______
median eminence
List the hormones are released from the pituitary gland?
- ACTH
- TSH
- GH
- LH/FSH
What 2 hormones can act as inhibitors for TSH?
somatostatin and dopamine
Where are androgens released from in the adrenal gland?
zone 3
Where is epinephrine released from in the adrenal gland?
adrenal medulla
What hormone is secreted with ADH to support water reabsorption?
aldosterone
What cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine?
chromaffin cells
What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
LH
What hormone inhibits FSH release?
inhibin
What hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis?
FSH
What pituitary hormone can inhibit GnRH release?
FSH
if there is already plenty of LH/FSH
What hormone is required for spermatogenesis?
testosterone
What hormone stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estradiol in the presence of aromatase?
FSH
What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
progesterone
What hormone promotes thickening of the endometrium during the follicular phase?
estrogen
What hormone inhibits FSH release during the mid-cycle?
inhibin
What hormone promotes relaxation of the myometrium during the luteal phase?
progesterone
What hormone inhibits GnRH/FSH/LH release during the follicular phase?
estrogen
What hormone promotes thickening of the endometrium during the luteal phase?
progesterone
What hormone stimulates GnRH/FSH/LH release during mid-cycle?
estrogen
What hormone is dominant and released from the anterior pituitary during the follicular phase?
FSH
LH induces testosterone production by stimulating _______ cells
Leydig
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by activating _____ cells
sertoli
Which stage of life is testosterone the highest?
adulthood
Lack of _______ inhibits wolffian duct differentiation
testosterone
All primary oocytes are frozen in _________ I until they are ovulated, and all secondary oocytes are frozen in ___________ II until they are fertilized
prophase I; metaphase II
What is the main role of each of these?
hypothalamus:
pituitary:
thyroid:
parathyroid:
adrenal cortex:
adrenal medulla:
gonads:
pancreas:
hypothalamus: control center
pituitary: master gland
thyroid: metabolism
parathyroid: Ca2+
adrenal cortex: steroids (cortisol, aldosterone)
adrenal medulla: epinephrine
gonads: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
pancreas: insulin, glucagon
What is the general role of theca cells and leydig cells?
produce androgens
What hormone is involved with theca and leydig cells?
LH
What hormone is involved with granulosa and sertoli cells?
FSH
What are the mane and female counterparts for the different gondaotrophs?
leydig cells – theca cells
sertolli cells – granulosa cells
