Exam 2 Condensed

Question 1

What is the effective refractory period?

Answer 1

Na+ channels recovering but not enough for a new action potential

Question 2

What vessel is the most distendible and why?

Answer 2

veins
hold most blood in body

Question 3

What vessel has a large diameter and thin walls?

Answer 3

veins

Question 4

What is flow measured in?

Answer 4

L/min
mL/min

Question 5

small or large vessels are the dominant contributer to resistance?

Answer 5

small

Question 6

What vessel is blood flow regulated in?

Answer 6

arterioles

Question 7

What is the absolute refractory period?

Answer 7

no possible new action potential

Question 8

What is the supranormal refractory period?

Answer 8

easier than normal to stimulate new action potential

Question 9

What is the relative refractory period?

Answer 9

requires larger stimulus than normal

Question 10

What is heart rate determined by?

Answer 10

rate of depolarization

Question 11

What causes the 1st heart sound?

Answer 11

AV valves closing

Question 12

What causes the 2nd heart sound?

Answer 12

semilunar valve

Question 13

What do glomus cells do?

Answer 13

sense changes in O2, pH, and CO2

Question 14

When the brain is ischemic, will the resistance is high or low?

Answer 14

low (less blood to brain)

Question 15

In coronary circulation, when vasodilation is not enough _________ is released

Answer 15

adenosine

Question 16

Where is renin released from?

Answer 16

juxtaglomeria cells in kidney

Question 17

During exercise, TPR increases/decreases and why?

Answer 17

decreases
(more blood flow to muscles)

Question 18

Why are cardiac muscle cells depolarizations longer than other cells?

Answer 18

Ca2+ must be brought into cell from outside

Question 19

Where does the AV valve close on a wiggers diagram?

Answer 19

A

Question 20

Where does the AV valve open on a wiggers diagram?

Answer 20

D

Question 21

Where does the semilunar valve close on a wiggers diagram?

Answer 21

C

Question 22

Where does the semilunar valve open on a wiggers diagram?

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Where does the semilunar valve open on a PV loop?

Answer 23

D

Question 24

Where does the semilunar valve close on a PV loop?

Answer 24

F

Question 25

Where does the AV valve open on a PV loop?

Answer 25

A

Question 26

Where does the AV valve close on a PV loop?

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) results in increased or decreased vasopressin (ADH)?

Answer 27

decreased vasopressin (ADH) release

Question 28

Which of the following physiological changes are seen during exercise? Select all that apply.
a. increased heart rate
b. increased contractility
c. increased total peripheral resistance
d. increased cardiac output

Answer 28

a. increased heart rate
b. increased contractility
d. increased cardiac output

Question 29

Which of the following will not increase cerebral blood flow? Select all that apply.
a. hyperventilation
b. increased O2
c. increased CO2
d. decreased pH

Answer 29

a. hyperventilation

Question 30

Increased O2, CO2, and [H+] increases or decreases cerebral blood flow

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

True/False: ANP causes an increase in salt and water retention

Answer 31

False
ANP actually promotes renal salt and water excretion.

Question 32

Is ANP released during high or low blood pressure?

Answer 32

high

Question 33

Does ANP cause salt excretion or retention?

Answer 33

excretion