Exam 5 Final Flashcards
Rise in intracellular ______ releases peptide/protein hormones via exocytosis
Ca2+
Only the ___________ pituitary uses releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
anterior
What does dopamine inhibit?
prolactin
What is the affect of blood glucose in response to GH?
increase BG
When in development is GH secreted?
only AFTER birth
What are the 4 roles of GH?
- linear growth
- decreased fat
- increased muscle
- stimulate immune system
What hormone is very important for in utero developnment?
insulin
How does GH induce linear bone growth?
stimulates IGFs (somatomedins) which will stimulate chondrocytes to lengthen bone
What cell type do IGFs stimulate for linear growth?
chondrocytes
What is the target organ of growth hormone?
liver
What does GH DIRECTLY affect?
increases production of IGF-1
What 2 things can inhibit GH?
- itself
- IGFs on the hypothalamus
What is the main role of thyroid hormone?
increase metabolism
T___ is able to inhibit TRH and TSH
T4
What cells produce calcitonin?
C cells (parathyroid)
What is the role of calcitonin?
inhibits osteoclasts from destroying bone
- opposite of PTH
In hypothyroidism, what are the levels of T3, T4, and TSH?
T3 and 4: decrease
TSH: increase
In hyperthyroidism, what are the levels of T3, T4, and TSH?
T3 and 4: increase
TSH: decrease
What is the transporter that brings iodide out of the cell?
pendrin
What enzyme does deiodination?
TPX
What is a short loop feed back?
pituitary hormones inhibiting hypothalamus
What is a long loop feedback?
target organ’s hormone feeds back to hypothalamus
What is the role of parathyroid hormone?
increase Ca2+
lowers HPO3-
Where does PTH act?
kidneys **
gut
bones
How does PTH raise Ca2+ levels using the bones?
stimulates osteoBLASTS which stimulate osteoCLASTS to break down bone
High levels of Ca2+ and HPO3- stimulate which form of Vitamin D?
24,25-OH-D3
(inactive)
What cell type produces PTH?
chief cells
What is special about chief cell’s Gq receptor?
high intracellular Ca2+ actually inhibits the release of PTH
What can bind to osteoblasts?
PTH, Vit D3, estrogen
What can bind to osteoclasts?
calcitonin
* inhibits osteoclast function
What is another name for vitamin D deficiency?
rickets
What zone is “glomerulosa” and what does it produce?
zone 1; aldosterone
What zone is “fasciculata” and what does it produce?
zone 2; cortisol
What zone is “reticularis” and what does it produce?
zone 3: androgens
What is produces in the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine
What enzyme does zone 1 and 2 both share?
21-hydroxylase
What is the last enzyme in zone 1 that is controlled by ATII?
P450 aldosterone synthase
What is the role of cortisol?
combats stress and raises BS
What 2 hormones are diabetogenic?
GH and cortisol
* raise BS
What kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla made of?
neural tissue
What is the precursor for epinephrine?
tyrosine
What are the steps to taking epinephrine?
tyrosine —> DOPA –> NOREPI —> EPI
What cells in the adrenal medulla is epinephrine made in?
chromaffin cells
What enzyme converts tyrosine —> DOPA when making epinephrine?
tyrosine hydroxylase
___________ aids in the conversion of NOREPI –> EPI
cortisol
___________ builds the endometrium up
estrogen
___________ maintains the endometrium
progestrone
What does the LH surge cause in regards to the follicle?
rupture of the graffian follicle
__________ and __________ can both long loop negatively feedback in the menstural cycle
estrogen
progesterone
Why does progesterone negatively feed back during the luteal phase?
prevent another ovulation too soon
Why does estrogen negatively feed back during the follicular phase?
prevent overproduction of estrogen
Why does estrogen positively feed back during the mid-cycle?
drives more GnRH to produce more inhibin so FSH is inhibited but FH largely increases
______ increases P450 Scc in theca cells to produce progenenolone
LH
______ increases activity of armotase to convert testosterone into estradiol
FSH
Why are there no mature oocytes until ovulation?
hide from immune system
During menopause what is the affect on the follicle?
destroyed
During menopause what is the affect on estogrogen?
no production
During menopause what is the affect on FSH and LH levels?
continue to rise
During menopause what is the affect on andorgens?
still present
If gamete has XY chromosomes, _____ is secreted to prevent maturation of the mullerian duct
AMH
If gamete has XY chromosomes, ____________ is secreted to promote development of internal anatomy
testosterone
Role of Leydig cells?
testosterone production (LH)
Role of Sertoli cells?
spermatogenesis (FSH)
What is the role of androgen binding protein (ABP)?
drive testosterone into cell for spermatogenesis
Semen is made of _______ + ___________-
sperm + seminal fluid
What is the role of the seminal vesicle?
nourish sperm
What is the role of prostate gland?
prevents coagulation and neutralizes pH of vagina
What is the role of bulbourethral gland?
lubrication and neutralizes pH of urethra
