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OLD "MBS 603" > Exam 3 -- Vodcast > Flashcards

Exam 3 -- Vodcast Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

supply body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What are the 4 process of the respiratory system?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases in the blood
  4. internal respiration
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3
Q

What is the process “pulmonary ventilation”?

A

breathing

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4
Q

What is the process “external respiration”?

A

movement of O2 from lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs

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5
Q

What is the process “internal respiration”?

A

movement of O2 into tissue and CO2 from cells to blood

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6
Q

What are some structures of the airway?

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
alveoli

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7
Q

What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory zone
conducting zone

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8
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

where gas exchange happens

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9
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

everything that doesn’t do gas exchange

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10
Q

What structures make up the respiratory zone?

A

alveoli
respiratory bronchioles

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11
Q

What structures make up the conducting zone?

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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12
Q

The trachea is made up of a lot of _________ to support the epithelial layer

A

cartilage

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13
Q

Are the airway walls well vascularized?

A

yes

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14
Q

What fibers/muscles make up the trachea/bronchi?

A

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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15
Q

Does the airways have autonomic and/or local innervation?

A

yes

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16
Q

What are cilia?

A

fibers on epithelial cells for movement of mucus

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17
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

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18
Q

Why is fluid required for cilia function?

A

allows them to beat and move mucus up and out

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19
Q

What channel allows Cl-, Na+, and K+ into epithelial cells?

A

NKCC

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20
Q

What channel allows Cl- out of apical side of epithelial cells?

A

CFTR

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21
Q

How many Cl- are brought into an epithelial cells via NKCC?

A

2

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22
Q

How many Na+ are brought into an epithelial cells via NKCC?

A

1

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23
Q

How many K+ are brought into an epithelial cells via NKCC?

A

1

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24
Q

Where does the 2Cl- go after they enter the epithelial cell?

A

one leaves on the apical side and one stays inside the epithelial cell

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25
Q

Does Cl- build up or mainly leave epithelial cells?

A

build up

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26
Q

What is the result of Na+ and Cl- entering the apical side of epithelial cells?

A

water follows salt creating a saline layer in lumen for cilia

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27
Q

How does Na+ and H2O get to the lumen from the basilateral side of epithelial cells?

A

paracellular transport (in between cells)

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28
Q

What is the problem at the epithelial level in cystic fibrosis?

A

CFTR (Cl- channel) doesn’t work causing now salt for the water to follow resulting in no fluid layer for cilia to beat = thick viscous mucus

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29
Q

What is the problem at the epithelial level in ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Cilia have a defect causing them to now move well even though there is a saline layer present = increased infection risk

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30
Q

What is referred to as the “site of gas exchange”?

A

alveoli

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31
Q

Alveoli’s open ends are continuous with _______ of airways

A

lumen

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32
Q

The air facing surfaces of alveoli walls are lined with __________ alveolar cells

A

type I alveolar cells

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33
Q

How thick are the air facing surfaces of alveoli?

A

1 cell thick

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34
Q

What do type II alveolar cells do?

A

secrete surfactant

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35
Q

Why is the surface area of alveoli so large?

A

rapid gas exchange

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36
Q

In some alveolar walls, ______ permit the flow of air between alveoli?

A

pores

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37
Q

Why does the alveoli and bronchi have elastic fiber?

A

allows them to relax and contract

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38
Q

Why are alveoli so vascualrized?

A

gas exchange

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39
Q

Are type I or II alveolar cells made of gas exchange and why?

A

type I
one cell thick layer

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40
Q

How many total divisons are there in the airways?

A

24

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41
Q

What separates the 2 lungs?

A

mediastinum

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42
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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43
Q

How many fissures does the right lung have?

A

2 (separates lobes 1and 2; lobes 2 and 3)

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44
Q

Which lung is shorter?

A

right lung

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45
Q

How many fissures does the left lung have?

A

1 (separates lobes 1and 2)

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46
Q

Which lung has a cardiac notch?

A

left

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47
Q

What is the membrane the surrounds the lung?

A

pleura membrane

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48
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

outer pleura membrane

49
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

membrane directly on lung (inner membrane)

50
Q

What is the slit-like space filled with pleural fluid called?

A

pleural cavity

51
Q

What is the purpose of the pleura membranes?

A

keeps lungs adhered to chest wall
- pulling lungs out when inhaling

52
Q

What are the muscles in the ribs that aid in respiration?

A

intercostal muscles

53
Q

What do external intercostal muscles do?

A

enlarge the rib cage
* used in inspiration

54
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

A

forced expiration
* moves ribs in

55
Q

Innermost intercostal muscles help ___________ intercostal muscles function

A

internal costal

56
Q

What is the phase for which way the external intercostal muscles run?

A

hands in pocket

57
Q

What is the phase for which way the internal intercostal muscles run?

A

hands on chest

58
Q

When you inhale…
rib cage moves IN/OUT
EXTERNAL/INTERNAL intercostal muscles are used
diaphragm CONTRACTS/RELAXES and moves UP/DOWN

A

rib cage moves OUT
EXTERNAL intercostal muscles are used
diaphragm CONTRACTS and moves DOWN

59
Q

When you exhale…
rib cage moves IN/OUT
EXTERNAL/INTERNAL intercostal muscles are used
diaphragm CONTRACTS/RELAXES and moves UP/DOWN

A

rib cage moves IN
INTERNAL intercostal muscles are used
diaphragm RELAXES and moves UP

60
Q

When you inspire the thoracic cavity increases or decreases?

A

increases

61
Q

What is the most important muscle in respiration?

A

diaphragm

62
Q

Does barometric pressure increase or decrease at high altitudes?

A

decreases

63
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

64
Q

What is the pressure of an individual gas in a mixture called?

A

partial pressure

65
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure in dry air?

A

P = P atm x % of gas

66
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure in humid air?

A

P = (P atm - H2O) x % of gas

67
Q

What unit is airway pressure expressed in?

A

cm H2O

68
Q

What are 3 examples of units of absolute presesuree?

A

PSI
atm
mmHg

69
Q

What are 3 examples of units of relative pressure?

A

cm H2O
mmHg
Torr

70
Q

What are individual gas partial pressures are measured in?

A

mmHg

71
Q

What is tidal volume (VT)?

A

normal volume of air displaced in normal breathing at rest

72
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

amount of air that can be expired from lungs with effort after normal inspiration

73
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

max amount of air that can be inhaled by force following a normal inspiration

74
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a max expiration

75
Q

How do you find the inspiratory capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
IRV + VT

76
Q

How do you find vital capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume
IRV + ERV + VT

77
Q

How do you find the functional residual capacity?

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
ERV + RV

78
Q

How do find lung capacity?

A

all of the volume added up
ERV + IRV + RV + VT

79
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

total volume of air that can be expired after a max inspiration

80
Q

What is the forced vital capacity (FEV)?

A

total volume of air that can be FORCIBLY expired after max inspiration

81
Q

What is the FEV1?

A

volume of air that can be FORCIBLY expired in 1 second

82
Q

What is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

0.8
(80% of air in lungs can be forced out in 1 sec)

83
Q

What does the FEV1/FVC ratio represent?

A

% of air in lungs that can be forced out in 1 sec

84
Q

Is asthma an obstructive or restrictive disease?

A

obstructive

85
Q

In asthma, does FEV1/FVC ratio increase or decrease?

A

decrease

86
Q

In asthma, does FEV1 or FVC decrease the most and why?

A

FEV1
harder to quickly force air out of narrow tube

87
Q

In asthma, is it harder to breathe in or out?

A

out

88
Q

In asthma is the FEV1/FVC ratio >, <, = 0.08?

A

< 0.80

89
Q

Is fibrosis an obstructive or restrictive disease?

A

restrictive

90
Q

In fibrosis, does FEV1/FVC ratio increase or decrease?

A

increases

91
Q

Why is fibrosis a restrictive disease?

A

less of elasticity causing difficulty in expanding lungs

92
Q

In fibrosis, does FEV1 or FVC decrease the most and why?

A

FVC
harder to expand lungs

93
Q

In fibrosis, is it harder to breathe in or out?

A

in

94
Q

In fibrosis is the FEV1/FVC ratio >, <, = 0.08?

A

> 0.80

95
Q

What is dead space?

A

area in lungs/airway that does not participate in gas exchange

96
Q

What are the 2 types of dead spaces?

A

anatomic dead space
functional dead space

97
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

volume of conducting airways (everything but alveoli)

98
Q

What is functional dead space?

A

alveolar that cannot gas exchange

99
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

total volume of dead spaces (anatomic + functional dead space)

100
Q

What are the 2 types of ventilation?

A

pulmonary
alveolar

101
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

volume of air moving in and out of the respiratory tract over a given time

102
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation (pulmonary ventilation)?

A

tidal volume x breaths/minute

103
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

volume of air moving in and out of alveoli over a given time

104
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation (alveolar ventilation)?

A

(tidal volume - dead space volume) x breaths/min

105
Q

Why is there a large gradient for CO2 to diffuse from the blood to air?

A

there is essentially no CO2 in the air

106
Q

Are arterial pressure for CO2 generally the same as alveolar pressure for CO2?

A

yes (maintains 40 mmHg)

107
Q

Is it more advantageous to increase depth of breathing or lower rate of breathing to increase ventilation?

A

increase depth

108
Q

What’s the difference between volumes and capacities?

A

capacity is the combination of 2 volumes

109
Q

What supplies blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary arteries

110
Q

What’s the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

A

pulmonary: moves blood between heart and lungs; re-oxygenates blood
systemic: moves blood between heart and rest of body; de-oxygenates blood

111
Q

What is cellular v. pulmonary respiration?

A

cellular: oxygen is used to break down glucose to ATP

pulmonary: oxygen is taken into the lungs, and when you exhale, carbon dioxide and water vapor are released

112
Q

What is the regular tidal volume?

A

500 mL

113
Q

What is the partial pressure of H2O in humid air?

A

24 mmHg

114
Q

Increased CO2 from exercise causes INCREASED/DECREASE alveolar ventilation?

A

increased
to replace CO2 with O2

115
Q

What zone of alveoli are best ventilated?

A

zone 3 because alveoli aren’t too blown up making them more compliant and easier to ventilate

116
Q

Is blown up alveoli more or less compliant?

A

less compliant

117
Q

Is a deflated alveoli more or less compliant?

A

more compliant

118
Q

How do you calculate alveolar pressure?

A

(2 x surface tension) / radius

119
Q

What does the flat part on the surfactant curve represent?

A

the build up of surfactant before there is enough to open alveoli

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

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