Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OLD "MBS 603" > Exam 3 Condensed > Flashcards

Exam 3 Condensed Flashcards

1
Q

Is the V/Q ratio higher at the top or bottom of the lungs and why?

A

high at top
due to GRAVITY, the apex is more ventilated by less perfused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What zone of the lungs are better ventilated and have experience the greatest volume change?

A

zone 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What zone has the highest blood flow (most perfused)?

A

zone 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What zone is the most ventilated?

A

zone 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What zone has the higher PO2?

A

zone 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What zone has the higher PCO2?

A

zone 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What four mechanisms control breathing?

A
  1. control centers in brainstem
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. mechanoreceptors
  4. respiratory muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 brainstem respiratory centers?

A

medulla
pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 respiratory groups of the medulla center?

A

dorsal

ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) do?

A

controls rhythm of inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) receive it signals from?

A

pre-Botzinger complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) send its signals?

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do?

A

controls forceful expirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the ventral respiratory group (VRG) usually not active?

A

normal exhalation is passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What respiratory group is responsible for the sign reflex with the help of the pre-Botzinger complex?

A

VRG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 respiratory groups of the pons?

A

apneustic
pneumotaxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the apneustic respiratory group do?

A

long inspiration with short expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What other respiratory group does the apenustic group talk with?

A

DRG (both deal with inspiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the pneumotaxic repiratory group do?

A

turns of DRG so it can control inspiration and rate of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

under medulla in brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What respiratory group do central chemoreceptors communicate with?

A

DRG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What molecule are central chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

A

[H+]
pH changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid body
aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What molecule are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

A

changes in O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What receptor receives more blood than organs?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which peripheral chemoreceptor senses changes in pH while the other receptors does not?

A

carotid body receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 2 mechanoreceptors?

A

irritant receptors
J receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do irritant receptors do?

A

cause constriction of bronchial smooth muscles to increase breathing rate

  • located in between epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do J receptors do?

A

sense enlargement of capillaries and will increase interstitial fluid (Starling force) to increase breathing

  • located in alveolar walls near capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the FEV1/FVC ratio represent?

A

percentage of a person’s vital capacity (FVC) that they can exhale in the first second of a forced exhalation (FEV1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In asthma, is the FEV1 or FVC smaller and why?

A

FEV1
its harder to breath out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In fibrosis, is the FEV1 or FVC smaller and why?

A

FVC
harder to breath in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

volume of conducting airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is functional dead space?

A

hypoxic alveolar volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

functional + anatomical dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do you calculate pulmonary minute ventilation?

A

tidal volume x breaths/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x breaths/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

normal amount of air displace when breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

max volume of air expired from lungs after a normal expiration

40
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

max volume of air expired from lungs after a normal inspiration

41
Q

What is residual volume?

A

amount of air left over after max expiration

42
Q

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

IRV + VT

43
Q

How do you calculate functional residual capacity?

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

ERV + RV

44
Q

How do you calculate vital capacity?

A

inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

IRV + ERV + VT

45
Q

How do you calculate total lung capacity?

A

sum of all volumes

IRV + ERV + VT + RV

46
Q

In zone 1 of the lungs what the relationship between, PA, Pa, Pv?

A

PA > Pa > Pv

47
Q

In zone 2 of the lungs what the relationship between, PA, Pa, Pv?

A

Pa > PA > Pv

48
Q

In zone 3 of the lungs what the relationship between, PA, Pa, Pv?

A

Pa > Pv > PA

49
Q

Why is ventilation so poor in zone 1?

A

alveoli are not compliant

50
Q

What is the Law of LaPlace?

A

attractive forces liquid molecules causes small alveoli to have high surface tension and are difficult to inflate

51
Q

How do you calculate the alveolar pressure?

A

(2 x surface tension) / radius

52
Q

In respiratory acidosis…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
PCO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: decrease
[HCO3-]: increase
PCO2: increase
direction of equation: right

53
Q

In respiratory alkalosis…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
PCO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: increase
[HCO3-]: decrease
PCO2: decrease
direction of equation: left

54
Q

In metabolic acidosis…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
PCO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: decrease
[HCO3-]: decrease
PCO2: NO CHANGE
direction of equation: left

  • too much acid in blood wipes out HCO3-
55
Q

In metabolic alkalosis…
pH:
[HCO3-]:
PCO2:
direction of equation:

A

pH: increase
[HCO3-]: increase
PCO2: NO CHANGE
direction of equation: right

  • excess HCO3-
56
Q

In a closed pneumothorax, pressure of the pleural space ____ pressure of atm

A

pressure of pleural space < pressure of atm

57
Q

In an open pneumothorax, pressure of the pleural space ____ pressure of atm

A

pressure of pleural space = pressure of atm

58
Q

In a tension pneumothorax, pressure of the of pleural space ____ pressure of atm

A

pressure of pleural space > pressure of atm

59
Q

What is the pressure of O2 in alveoli?

A

104

60
Q

What is the pressure of CO2 in alveoli?

A

40

61
Q

What is the pressure of O2 in mixed venous blood?

A

40

62
Q

What is the pressure of CO2 in mixed venous blood?

A

46

63
Q

What is the pressure of O2 in oxygenated blood?

A

100

64
Q

What is the pressure CO2 in oxygenated blood?

A

40

65
Q

What is the pressure of O2 in the air?

A

160

66
Q

What are 3 reasons why PO2 in alveoli is lower than the atm PO2?

A
  1. water vapor
  2. left over air
  3. CO2 diluting O2
67
Q

What is the most important regulator of pulmonary flow?

A

PO2 in alveoli

68
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes CO2 + H2O –*-> H2CO3- —> HCO3- + H+

A
  • carbonic anhydrase
69
Q

What is the Haldane Effect?

A

CO2 transport via Hb is influenced by O2

ex: low O2 increases Hb binding to CO2

70
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

high CO2 and low pH can shift the O2 curve to the right

71
Q

What 3 systems are used to regulate pH of body fluids?

A
  1. lung system
  2. kidney system
  3. buffering system
72
Q

HCO3- concentration is regulated by what organs?

A

kidneys

73
Q

CO2 concentration is regulated by what organs?

A

lungs

74
Q

At higher P O2, more Hb molecules have transitioned from tensed to relaxed state there for a higher/lower affinity for O2

A

higher affinity

75
Q

On a Hb-O2 disassociation curve, oxygen deprivation causes the curve the shift left or right?

A

right

76
Q

What 3 things can affect the shape of the Hb-O2 curve?

A

temperature
pH
Co2

77
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at low temperatures?

A

higher

78
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at low pH?

A

lower

promotes O2 release

79
Q

Does Hb have a higher or lower affinity for O2 at high CO2 levels?

A

lower
promotes O2 release

80
Q

Is pH or CO2 the dominant controller of Hb affinity for O2?

A

pH

81
Q

What is the purpose of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

stabilizes the tense (deoxygenated) form of Hb, which reduces Hb’s affinity for oxygen.
* This increases the amount of free oxygen available for metabolically active tissues to use.

82
Q

Does increasing dead space make is easier or harder to breath and why?

A

harder

more resistance

83
Q

Does increasing diameter make is easier or harder to breath?

A

easier

84
Q

How do you calculate resistance of a tube?

A

length / r^4

85
Q

Starting at the nose last the passage of air.

A

nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → alveoli

86
Q

What is advantageous about increasing the depth of breathing instead of breathing more?

A

better ventilates alveoli

87
Q

How do central chemoreceptors regulate cerebral spinal fluid pH levels?

A

stimulate DRG to increase breathing which decreases CO2 levels and raises pH

88
Q

What is the Hering-Breur reflex?

A

prevents overinflation of the lungs and limits the depth of inspiration

detected by mechanoreceptors

89
Q

If vessel A has a increase in pressure of 58 and vessel B has an increase of 34 and both have the same flow volume, which one has the higher compliance?

A

vessel B

smaller presure = larger compliance

compliance = volume / pressure

90
Q

In pulmonary circulation, if partial pressure of O2 in the alveolar gas increases, blood flow ____________

A

increases

pressure and flow are proportional

91
Q

If you find high levels of H+ HCO3-, the _____________ chemoreceptors sense the high amount of H+ and send signals to ______

A

central chemoreceptors

DRG

92
Q

______________ are stretch receptors in the lungs to prevent over inflation

A

mechanoreceptors

93
Q

Pulmonary blood flow is unevenly distributed in lungs, arterial pressure at base of lungs is HIGHER/LOWER than alveolar pressure allowing blood flow to INCREASE/DECREASE

A

higher

increase

increase pressure = increased flow

94
Q

If pressure is increased is flow increased or decreased?

A

increased

95
Q

Zone 3 of the lungs has more or less intraplerual negative pressure

A

less negative pressure

(higher pressure)

OLD "MBS 603" (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions