Exam 5 Condensed

Question 1

What is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 1

opposes PTH
* decreases Ca2+ levels

inhibits osteoclasts

Question 2

What cells produce PTH in the parathyroid gland?

Answer 2

chief cells

Question 3

What is the active form of vitamin D called?

Answer 3

calcitriol

Question 4

What is a good marker for bone turnover?

Answer 4

alkaline phosphatase

Question 5

IGF-1 directly lengthens bone since GH cannot do it directly, what cell type does it activate?

Answer 5

chondrocytes

Question 6

What is the role of inhibin?

Answer 6

released during mid-cycle to inhibit FSH so LH can become dominant

Question 7

What stage of follicle development is characterized by a follicle containing an atrium?

Answer 7

graffian follicle

Question 8

What does androgen-binding protein (ABP) promote?

Answer 8

promotes testosterone levels for spermatogenesis

Question 9

Somatostatin and dopamine are ____________

Answer 9

inhibitors

Question 10

What cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine?

Answer 10

chromaffin cells

Question 11

What is the role of aromatase?

Answer 11

converts testosterone to estradiol

Question 12

What hormone stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estradiol via aromatase?

Answer 12

FSH

Question 13

During the follicular phase, estrogen ___________ feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus

Answer 13

negatively

Question 14

During the mid-cycle, estrogen ___________ feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus

Answer 14

positively

Question 15

When in the menstrual cycle does inhibin secreted by the ovaries feedback to the pituitary?

Answer 15

mid-cycle

Question 16

During the luteal phase, progestrone _________ feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus

Answer 16

negatively

Question 17

What are the gonadotroph counterparts of males and females?

Answer 17

Granulosa cells – Seroli cells
Theca cells – Leydig cells

Question 18

What is the role of Granulosa and Sertoli cells?

Answer 18

aid in oocyte/sperm production

Question 19

What hormone stimulates Granulosa and Sertoli cells?

Answer 19

FSH

Question 20

What is the role of Theca and Leydig cells?

Answer 20

make androgens and follicular development

Question 21

What hormone stimulates Theca and Leydig cells?

Answer 21

LH

Question 22

Primary oocytes are frozen at ________ I and secondary oocytes are frozen at ___________ II

Answer 22

prophase I; metaphase II

Question 23

What event is required to resume meiosis in oocytes?

Answer 23

LH surge

Question 24

When does estrogen levels peak in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 24

ovulation

Question 25

What is the role of the LH surge?

Answer 25

release a mature egg

Question 26

In Addison's disease, why do patients experience fatigue and weight loss?

Answer 26

no cortisol so BS is low

Question 27

In Cushing's syndrome what is the levels of ACTH?

Answer 27

high * excessive cortisol

Question 28

What catalyzes the coupling in thyroid hormone synthesis?

Answer 28

thyroperoxidase

Question 29

During the synthesis of adrenal medullary hormones, ____________ stimulates the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

Answer 29

cortisol

Question 30

A goiter can result from… a) Increased thyroid function b) Decreased thyroid function

Answer 30

both

Question 31

Calcium reabsorption in the gut epithelial cells is directed/shuttled from the apical to basolateral side via ____________

Answer 31

calbindin

Question 32

What is the main role of each of these? hypothalamus: pituitary: thyroid: parathyroid: adrenal cortex: adrenal medulla: gonads: pancreas:

Answer 32

hypothalamus: control center pituitary: master gland thyroid: metabolism parathyroid: Ca2+ adrenal cortex: steroids (cortisol, aldosterone) adrenal medulla: epinephrine gonads: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone pancreas: insulin, glucagon

Question 33

List the hormones are released from the pituitary gland?

Answer 33

ACTH TSH GH LH/FSH

Question 34

What structure is produces progesterone in response to LH after ovulation?

Answer 34

corpus luteum