Exam 5 Condensed Flashcards
What is the role of calcitonin?
opposes PTH
* decreases Ca2+ levels
inhibits osteoclasts
What cells produce PTH in the parathyroid gland?
chief cells
What is the active form of vitamin D called?
calcitriol
What is a good marker for bone turnover?
alkaline phosphatase
IGF-1 directly lengthens bone since GH cannot do it directly, what cell type does it activate?
chondrocytes
What is the role of inhibin?
released during mid-cycle to inhibit FSH so LH can become dominant
What stage of follicle development is characterized by a follicle containing an atrium?
graffian follicle
What does androgen-binding protein (ABP) promote?
promotes testosterone levels for spermatogenesis
Somatostatin and dopamine are ____________
inhibitors
What cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine?
chromaffin cells
What is the role of aromatase?
converts testosterone to estradiol
What hormone stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estradiol via aromatase?
FSH
During the follicular phase, estrogen ___________ feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus
negatively
During the mid-cycle, estrogen ___________ feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus
positively
When in the menstrual cycle does inhibin secreted by the ovaries feedback to the pituitary?
mid-cycle
During the luteal phase, progestrone _________ feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus
negatively
What are the gonadotroph counterparts of males and females?
Granulosa cells – Seroli cells
Theca cells – Leydig cells
What is the role of Granulosa and Sertoli cells?
aid in oocyte/sperm production
What hormone stimulates Granulosa and Sertoli cells?
FSH
What is the role of Theca and Leydig cells?
make androgens and follicular development
What hormone stimulates Theca and Leydig cells?
LH
Primary oocytes are frozen at ________ I and secondary oocytes are frozen at ___________ II
prophase I; metaphase II
What event is required to resume meiosis in oocytes?
LH surge
When does estrogen levels peak in the menstrual cycle?
ovulation
What is the role of the LH surge?
release a mature egg
In Addison’s disease, why do patients experience fatigue and weight loss?
no cortisol so BS is low
In Cushing’s syndrome what is the levels of ACTH?
high
- excessive cortisol
What catalyzes the coupling in thyroid hormone synthesis?
thyroperoxidase
During the synthesis of adrenal medullary hormones, ____________ stimulates the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine
cortisol
A goiter can result from…
a) Increased thyroid function
b) Decreased thyroid function
both
Calcium reabsorption in the gut epithelial cells is directed/shuttled from the apical to basolateral side via ____________
calbindin
What is the main role of each of these?
hypothalamus:
pituitary:
thyroid:
parathyroid:
adrenal cortex:
adrenal medulla:
gonads:
pancreas:
hypothalamus: control center
pituitary: master gland
thyroid: metabolism
parathyroid: Ca2+
adrenal cortex: steroids (cortisol, aldosterone)
adrenal medulla: epinephrine
gonads: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
pancreas: insulin, glucagon
List the hormones are released from the pituitary gland?
ACTH
TSH
GH
LH/FSH
What structure is produces progesterone in response to LH after ovulation?
corpus luteum
