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DAT BIO > Reproduction & Dev. Biology > Flashcards

Reproduction & Dev. Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Binary Fission
Done by what kinds of organisms?
What is the specific structure that separates the cell in this process?

A

Done by unicellular organisms (prokaryotes and the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes)

Septum forms in the middle and separates the cells

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2
Q

Budding
Explain the process

A

Bud (outgrowth) forms on the organism.

DNA is replicated and deposited into bud, which buds off, eg. hydra, yeast.

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3
Q

Regeneration
Explain process
What organisms use this?
What specific organism?

A

Piece of organism breaks off, broken fragment regenerate
This is exhibited in hydra & planaria
Fungi are also able to reproduce via regeneration.

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4
Q

Parthenogenesis
Explain process

A

Unfertilized egg develops
to a viable organism

eg. Honeybees exhibit haplodiploidy (males haploid, females diploid).

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5
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Final stage of spermatogenesis
NO genetic material change
Form mature spermatozoa (sperm cells)

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6
Q

Spermatogenesis
Undergo how many meiotic divisions?
How many spermatids at the end?

A

Formation of mature spermatozoa (n cells) from spermatogonium (2n cells)
Undergo 2 meiotic divisions
4 spermatids

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7
Q

Where is the site of spermatogenesis (sperm production)

A

Seminiferous tubules of testes

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8
Q

Sertoli cells are activated by what hormone?
What do they produce?

A

Activated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Surround and nourish sperm
Produce inhibin (inhibits FSH - negative feedback)

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9
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

produce spermatozoa

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10
Q

What’s the mnemonic for the sperm traveling in the body

A

SEVEN UP

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11
Q

What’s the mnemonic for the sperm traveling in the body

A

SEVEN UP
Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Ejaculatory Duct → Urethra → Penis.

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12
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

secretes:
fructose (ATP)
viscous mucus
prostaglandins (causes urethral contractions which propels sperm)

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13
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

viscous mucus (cleans and lubricates urethra).

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14
Q

Prostate Gland

A

alkaline secretions (basic) to counteract uterine acidity

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15
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands?

A

Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands

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16
Q

Epidymis
What does this structure allow sperm to do?

A

Maturation and storage

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17
Q

Sperm Structure?

A

Head: contains nucleus & acrosome
Midpiece: mitochondria (ATP)
Tail: long flagellum (microtubules) to propel sperm.

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18
Q

What does FSH do in MALES?
What does FSH do in FEMALES?

A

MALES: sperm development in SF tubules w/ help of Sertoli cells (looks like FiSH!!!)

FEMALES: follicles in the ovary to develop Females Sex Hormones

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19
Q

What does Lutenizing Hormone do in MALES?
In FEMALES?

A

MALES: stimulates Ley-(BIG)dig cells to produce testosterone (make men BIG)
FEMALES: OVULATION & corpus luteum formation

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20
Q

Blastocyst is what?

A

Fertilized egg

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21
Q

Uterus 3 layers?

A

Perimetrium (outer)
Myometrium (middle, smooth muscle)
Endometrium (inner epithelial, lined by mucous membranes).

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22
Q

Oogenesis

A

Produces oogonia

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23
Q

Which part of the female anatomy is responsible for producing eggs?

A

Ovary

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24
Q

What is the name of the structure that is found between the uterus and the vagina?

A

Cervix

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25
Q

In which phase of the first meiotic division will primary oocytes be arrested, and when will they resume dividing?

A

Prophase 1, puberty
AFTER birth cells are also arrested here

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26
Q

In which phase of the second meiotic division will secondary oocytes be arrested, and when will they resume dividing?

A

Metaphase 2, fertilization

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27
Q

The follicle produces female sex hormones, what are they?

A

Progesterone and Estrogen

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28
Q

The corpus luteum is maintained by ____ and _____ levels.

A

FSH and LH

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29
Q

A surge in LH causes _____ of an egg and formation of the _____ _____.

A

ovulation, corpus luteum

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30
Q

Order of zygote development

A

Zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation

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31
Q

If implantation DOES occur, then placenta makes what hormone??

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG)

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32
Q

Fertilization

What is the order of fertilization?

A

Capacitation
Acrosomal Reaction
Fast Black
Slow Block (Cortical reaction)

33
Q

What do the hydrolytic enzymes released from the sperm during the acrosomal reaction do?

A

‘chewing’ through the zona pellucida, this allows the sperm to fuse with the egg’s plasma membrane

34
Q

During gastrulation, what is the structure that can be found in very primitive organisms?

A

The gut tube

35
Q

What happens at the end of the luteal phase?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone levels fall (no implantation)
They rise IF there IS implantation

36
Q

What molecule is increased during capacitation? What does this prepare?

A

Prepares the tip of the sperm for acrosomal rxn
Increases the permeability to calcium

37
Q

What happens during the acrosomal reaction?

A

Sperm goes through corona radiata to reach zona pellucida
-actin binds to zona pellucida 3 protein
Sperm head and acrosome fuse -> acrosomal enzymes -> sperm & egg fused

38
Q

Where does the egg that will be ovulated get released from? Where does the egg attach to?

A

Graafian follicle!
Attaches to fimbriae
this follice used to be a small one on the ovary and developed the most to be dominant!

39
Q

Explain what the fast block for sperm is!

A

Sodium ions diffuse into cells & depolarize, happens in seconds

40
Q

Explain what the slow block for sperm is!

A

Calcium ions stimulate cortical granules which make barrier and release zona pellucida from egg, takes a bit to happen

41
Q

Lactation (suckling) increases what hormones?

A

PRLactin production which causes lactation
Oxytocin releases milk (milk let down reflex).

42
Q

Oxytocin increase stimulates what to happen?

A

Induces contractions which push the baby out of the womb

43
Q

Difference between radial and spiral cleavage?

A

Radial Cleavage: cleave down the middle
Spiral Cleavage: cleave down a deviated axis

44
Q

Difference between determinant and indeterminant cleavage?

A

Determinate (Mosaic) Cleavage: blastomeres have pre-set fate!!!
Indeterminate (Regulative): blastomeres do not have pre-set fate (totipotent)

45
Q

Difference between holoblastic and meroblastic ? What’s the 1 exception?

A

Holoblastic: use entire egg to cleave
- happens in animals with little yolk (humans)
Meroblastic: use part of the egg to cleave
- happens in animals with lots of yolk (birds, reptiles, fish)

FROGS are the exception (holoblastic but lots of yolk)

46
Q

What is the blastula? What does it differentiate into?

A

Hollow cavity (has blastocoel)
Trophoblast and ICM

47
Q

Trophoblast
forms what?
produces what?

A

-forms chorion
-implants embryo in uterus
-produces HCG

48
Q

Inner Cell Mass
forms what?
differentiates into what?

A
  • forms embryo
  • forms 3 other extraembryonic membranes (amnion, yolk sac and allantois)
  • differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast
49
Q

Which one is essential for gastrulation? Epi or hypoblast? Why?

A

Epiblast because it creates the primitive streak

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of the gastrula? What is the gastrula?

A

Trilaminar embryo
Ectoderm (Attractoderm)
Endoderm (Endternal derm)
Mesoderm (Movement derm)

51
Q

Ectoderm (Attractoderm) organs!

A

Adrenal medulla
Enamel of the teeth
CNS/PNS
Sensory of eye, ears & nose
Sweat glands
Pigmentation cells

52
Q

Endoderm (Endternal derm) organs!

A

Epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, & excretory sys.
(PLTT)
Pancreas
Liver
Thyroid/Parathyroid
Thymus

53
Q

Mesoderm (Movement derm) organs!

A

Gonads
Cardiovasc. sys
Muscle/Bones
Adrenal cortex
Spleen
Kidneys
Notochord!!!!

54
Q

Order of nervous system formation

A

Notochord>Neural plate>Neural fold>Neural tube>CNS

55
Q

Neurulation?

A

Development of a nervous system

56
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

identical twins
One zygote splits. Two embryos with identical genetic material.

57
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins.
Two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperms. Two zygotes with different genetic material.

58
Q

List the structures outside of the embryo. What is the outmost and innermost?

A

Chorion (outer) , yolk sac, amnion (innermost), allantois

59
Q

Fertilization occurs in the _____

A

oviduct (fallopian tube)

60
Q

Oviparity

A

Offspring develop and hatch outside of the mother’s body. Birds, fish, and reptiles are oviparous

61
Q

Viviparity

A

Offspring develops inside the mother’s body, birth follows. Most mammals are viviparous.

62
Q

Ovoviviparity

A

Hybrid between oviparity and viviparity. Offspring develop and are hatched within the mother’s body. Some snakes and amphibians are ovoviviparous.

63
Q

Chorion

A

gas exchange
Placental Animals: platform for waste, nutrient, gas exchange, forms placenta
Egg Laying Animals: membrane for gas exchange under eggshell

64
Q

Yolk Sack

A

Placental Animals: short period of function, makes first blood cells
Egg Laying Animals: houses all the nutrients for embryo development

65
Q

Amnion

A

innermost layer, secretes amniotic fluid to protect embryo (embryo sits here)
- amphibians & fish do not have an amnion!!!

66
Q

Allantois

A

waste disposal sac, buds off the archenteron

Placental Animals: transports waste to placenta, becomes umbilical cord, then
urinary bladder as an adult
Egg Laying Animals: stores uric acid then fuses with chorion to help w/ gas exchange

67
Q

What extra embryonic structure becomes the urinary bladder in humans/placental animals?

A

The allantois

68
Q

Increasing progesterone and estrogen causes the levels of _____ and ___ to drop

A

FSH and LH

69
Q

Within the corona radiata, there is a layer of glycoproteins called the _____ layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of the egg.

A

vitelline

70
Q

The outermost layer of the egg of a mammal is called the____ _____

A

corona radiata.

71
Q

During which stage of embryonic development are three germ layers formed?

A

Gastrulation

72
Q

The endometrium ______ when progesterone and estrogen are _____ during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

thickens, high

73
Q

The beginning of the menstrual cycle is marked by _____ estrogen and progesterone.

A

low

74
Q

Deuterosomes form what structure first?

A

(think when u take a deuce)
Anus forms first, then mouth

75
Q

Protosomes form what structure first?

A

Mouth first then anus

76
Q

The notochord does not develop into the neural tube; it simply _____ the formation of the neural tube from ectodermal cells.

A

induces

77
Q

Laminin does what?

A

helps cells to receive signals. It can influence cell movement but does not physically aid in that movement.

78
Q

Eukaryotic flagella are composed of microtubules, which are made up of _____ protein dimers

A

tubulin

79
Q

Which is first, fast or slow polyspermy block?

A

Fast is first

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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