Molecular Genetics Flashcards
Translocation
a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
Ligase
Ligase glues separate pieces of DNA back together
Gliagase: sounds like glue
DNA Polymerase
Moves in the 5’ to 3’ direction & adds DNA base pairs.
Polymerase: Enzyme that makes DNA polymers (AKA adds DNA together)
DNA sliding clamp
holds down DNA Polymerase
Sliding clamp is going to clamp down on polymerase to keep it bound to DNA
Primase
Places RNA primer for polymerase to latch on to
PRimase, sounds like primer. R in primase stands for RNA
Topoisomerase
Knicks top of DNA strand to prevent super coiling as helicase unzips strand
Topo(f) DNA strand, T=Tension!! (releases tension)
Single-Strand Binding Proteins
Bind to unbound DNA molecules to prevent re-binding
Read the name. Protein that binds to single strand, gets in the way to prevent re-binding
Point Mutations
mutations of one of the three base pairs (at a point in a codon)
Insertion
insert extra base pair and shift reading frame
Deletion: deleted base pair and shift reading frame
Nonsense
mutation causes a stop codon (this is nonsense, please stop!)
Missense
mutation causes different amino acid (missense: missed our mark)
can be conservative or non-conservative
Silent
mutation causes no change in amino acid (silent because cause no effect)
3 sites of making mRNA into a protein?
EPA
Acceptance
Protein building
Exit
Nucleotide
ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
Nucleoside
ribose sugar and nitrogenous base.
Methylation of histones
Adds methyl groups, either increasing or decreasing transcription.
Deacetylation of histones
increases positive charges, tightening DNA-histone attractions and decreasing transcription
Acetylation of histones
removes positive charges, relaxing DNA-histone attractions and allowing for more transcription to happen.
bacteria have what shaped DNA
circular
humans have what shaped DNA
linear
Telomeres are ????
noncoding, repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of linear chromosomes. Prevent further cell division.