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DAT BIO > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Translocation

A

a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

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2
Q

Ligase

A

Ligase glues separate pieces of DNA back together
Gliagase: sounds like glue

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3
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Moves in the 5’ to 3’ direction & adds DNA base pairs.
Polymerase: Enzyme that makes DNA polymers (AKA adds DNA together)

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4
Q

DNA sliding clamp

A

holds down DNA Polymerase
Sliding clamp is going to clamp down on polymerase to keep it bound to DNA

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5
Q

Primase

A

Places RNA primer for polymerase to latch on to
PRimase, sounds like primer. R in primase stands for RNA

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6
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Knicks top of DNA strand to prevent super coiling as helicase unzips strand
Topo(f) DNA strand, T=Tension!! (releases tension)

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7
Q

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

A

Bind to unbound DNA molecules to prevent re-binding
Read the name. Protein that binds to single strand, gets in the way to prevent re-binding

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8
Q

Point Mutations

A

mutations of one of the three base pairs (at a point in a codon)

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9
Q

Insertion

A

insert extra base pair and shift reading frame
Deletion: deleted base pair and shift reading frame

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10
Q

Nonsense

A

mutation causes a stop codon (this is nonsense, please stop!)

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11
Q

Missense

A

mutation causes different amino acid (missense: missed our mark)
can be conservative or non-conservative

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12
Q

Silent

A

mutation causes no change in amino acid (silent because cause no effect)

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13
Q

3 sites of making mRNA into a protein?

A

EPA
Acceptance
Protein building
Exit

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14
Q

Nucleotide

A

ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

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15
Q

Nucleoside

A

ribose sugar and nitrogenous base.

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16
Q

Methylation of histones

A

Adds methyl groups, either increasing or decreasing transcription.

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17
Q

Deacetylation of histones

A

increases positive charges, tightening DNA-histone attractions and decreasing transcription

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18
Q

Acetylation of histones

A

removes positive charges, relaxing DNA-histone attractions and allowing for more transcription to happen.

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19
Q

bacteria have what shaped DNA

A

circular

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20
Q

humans have what shaped DNA

A

linear

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21
Q

Telomeres are ????

A

noncoding, repeated nucleotide sequences at the ends of linear chromosomes. Prevent further cell division.

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22
Q

Telomerase is an ???

A

enzyme that extends telomeres to prevent DNA loss

23
Q

T/F: Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei, sooo both transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytosol.

A

TRUE!

24
Q

Lytic cycle

A

virus takes over host to replicate and does cause harm to the host. The viral particles produced can lyse the host cell to find other hosts to infect.

25
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

virus is considered dormant because it inserts its own genome into the host’s genome and does not harm the host. Each time the host genome undergoes replication, so does the viral genome.

26
Q

viral replication cycle mneumonic is what

A

APUSAR

27
Q

where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytosol!

28
Q

To regulate the promoter, _____ bind to the operator regions, while activators bind to the ______ sites.

A

Repressors, promoter

29
Q

The lac repressor protein is the first way that the lac operon is controlled. This protein is always….? This means the protein is always bound to the _____, _____ transcription.

A

ON, operator, blocking

30
Q

If lactose is present, what occurs?

A

It is converted to allolactose
Allolactose binds directly to the repressor protein and removes it from the operator, allowing transcription to occur!

31
Q

cAMP and glucose are _____ related.
This means…..

A

inversely
When glucose is low, cAMP is high

cAMP binds to CAP, which then attaches near the lac operon promoter to help attract RNA polymerase, PROMOTING transcription.

32
Q

Does cAMP inhibit or promote transcription?

A

PROMOTE

33
Q

only _____ are removed by spliceosomes,

A

introns

34
Q

prokaryotes do not have ____ or _____

A

introns, telomeres

35
Q

______ is a type of post-transcriptional modification

A

Splicing

36
Q

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

A

Conjugation: pilli
Transduction: different hosts TRANSFER
Transformation: transforming a new wardrobe, so you have to go buy new clothes (extracellular DNA)

37
Q

Tryptophan _____ trypto production because it binds to the repressor protein (making it repress).
When tryptophan is NOT present, the repressor protein is inactive, soooo _____

A

decreases, tryptophan IS produced

38
Q

Exonuclease

A

Cleaves nucleotides from the end of DNA, oftentimes for mismatch repair

39
Q

One of the post-transcriptional modifications performed by only eukaryotes is ___ ______

A

RNA splicing

40
Q

RNA splicing

A

where spliceosomes remove non-coding introns, leaving the final mRNA composed only of functional exons

41
Q

Spliceosomes are proteins that catalyze the removal of introns from _____ transcripts. Because it acts upon mRNA and not _____, it does not contribute to _____ mutations.

A

mRNA, DNA, DNA

42
Q

_____ during mRNA transcription in eukaryotes primarily serves to stabilize the mRNA molecule.

A

Polyadenylation

43
Q

eukaryotic transcription occurs where? what does it use?

A

in the nucleus
uses RNA polymerase II to transcribe most genes.

44
Q

Post-transcriptional modifications in Euk

A

Splicing out introns
5’ capping
Polyadenylation of the 3’ end

45
Q

Enhancers bind to what?
Silencers bind to what?

A

Activators
Repressors

46
Q

Transcription factors bind to what?

A

TATA box

47
Q

Euk ribosome size

A

40S and 60S

48
Q

Prok ribosome size

A

30S and 50S

49
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

is the enzyme that attaches an amino acid to a specific tRNA using the energy from ATP

50
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA

A

refers to a tRNA bound to an amino acid.

51
Q

Chaperonins

A

found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms and function in assisting newly synthesized polypeptides to fold into their correct shape.

52
Q

Transposons

A

jumping genes!

53
Q

DNA polymerase can contribute to DNA mutations, NOT ____ _____

A

RNA polymerase!!!!

54
Q

Lysogenic:
Lytic:

A

Lysogenic: dormant, no harm
Lytic: active, HARM, lysing

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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