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DAT BIO > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudopodia

A

temporary protrusions of the cell membrane found in protists for cell movement and feeding.

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2
Q

What are the 3 accessory organs in digestive system

A

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion begin where in the body?

A

Mouth

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4
Q

What enzyme is used in chemical digestion?

A

Salivary amylase

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5
Q

What does salivary amylase break down? What does it break down into?

A

Breaks down starch into maltose (glucose + glucose)

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6
Q

Maltose is composed of what

A

glucose + glucose

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7
Q

What types of muscle does the esophagus have and in what specific location?

A

upper third: skeletal muscle, lower third: smooth muscle, middle third: mix of smooth/skeletal

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8
Q

Where does food enter the stomach through?

A

Cardiac sphincter

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9
Q

The stomach lining is filled with ______ ______ leading to _____ ______

A

gastric pits, gastric glands

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10
Q

Food entry causes the stomach to ______, signaling ____ _____ to release ______

A

distend, G cells, gastrin

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11
Q

What are gastrin’s two functions?

A
  1. Stimulates parietal cells to release acidic gastric juice
  2. Stimulates chief cells to secrete gastric lipase & pepsinogen→pepsin
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12
Q

Parietal cells to release _____

A

Acidic gastric juice (HCl)

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13
Q

What does gastric lipase do? Where is it found?

A
  • Breaks down fats to fatty acids + glycerol
  • Found in stomach
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14
Q

What does pepsinogen do? Where is it found?

A
  • Activates to pepsin in acid
  • It is a zymogen
  • Found in stomach
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15
Q

What is a zymogen?

A

an inactive enzyme precursor that prevents digestion of cell itself

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16
Q

What does pepsin do? Where is it found?

A
  • Cleaves peptide bonds (proteins → amino acids)
  • Found in stomach
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17
Q

What is chyme? What structure does it exit through and to?

A
  • Acidic, semi-digested food
  • Exits to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter
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18
Q

3 parts of the small intestine?

A

DJ Eye (I)
Duodenum, Jejenum, Ileum

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19
Q

_______ cells secrete _______ to protect the epithelial lining from acidic chyme

A

Goblet, mucus

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20
Q

Chyme triggers the release of what in the small intestine?

A

Secretin

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21
Q

What is secretin function? What structure does it utilize to release its ions?

A

Stimulates the pancreas to release basic bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.

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22
Q

Why would the small intestine release CCK?

A

in response to detecting proteins and fats entering the small intestine

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23
Q

What 3 things occur after CCK is released?

A
  1. Slows gastric emptying
  2. Stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes (trypsin)
  3. Gallbladder releases bile into the duodenum
24
Q

What molecule neutralizes the acidic chyme? Released by what?

A

HCO3-
Pancreas

25
Q

Main function of bile?
Bile is produced by what? Stored in what?

A
  • Important for absorption of fats in diet and emulsifies fats
  • Liver
  • Galbladder
26
Q

Inside the villus, nutrients are absorbed into ____ _______ and fats into _______.

A
  • blood capillaries
  • lacteals
27
Q

Villi are made up of what?

A

enterocytes

28
Q

Liver functions

A

PUSHDoG
Protein synthesis
Urea synthesis
Storage
Hormone synthesis
DetOxification
Glucose/Fat Metabolism

29
Q

What 3 things does the pancreas release

A

HCO3-
pancreatic amylase
proteases

30
Q

Pancreatic amylase does what

A

starch → maltose

31
Q

Proteases do what
What are the 2 important proteases?

A

Digest proteins → amino acids
- Trypsin and chymotrypsin

32
Q

In the duodenum, ______ converts trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Enteropeptidase

33
Q

______ converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin.

A

Trypsin

34
Q

Crypts are ______ contain cells that secrete _____ and produce new ______ cells for the lining.

A

invaginations, enzymes, epithelial

35
Q

The liver destroys….?
Using what kind of cells?

A

erythrocytes and bacteria
Kupffer cells

36
Q

Explain what Kupffer cells break down

A

Break down hemoglobin in RBCs to bilirubin for secretion in bile

37
Q

Glycogenesis

A

converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver

38
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breaks down glycogen to glucose for bodily use (between meals).

39
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

converts glycerol and amino acids into glucose when glycogen stores are depleted.

40
Q

In the liver, what is converted to urea for safer excretion?

A

Ammonia

41
Q

Water and mineral absorption occur where?

A

At the cecum

42
Q

In the colon ______ absorption is completed, hardening feces.

A

water

43
Q

Large intestine 3 main functions

A
  1. Water absorption
  2. Mineral absorption
  3. Vitamin production & absorption
44
Q

Explain the 3 things bacteria does in the large intestine

A
  • Bacteria produce vitamins B and K (absorbed)
  • Metabolize bile acid
  • Ferment fiber
45
Q

A healthy microbiome will have ______ levels of all the bacteria needed for bile acid metabolism, while an _____ microbiome will not, impairing function

A

sufficient, unhealthy

46
Q

What produces gastrin?

A

G cells of the stomach

47
Q

What produces secretin?

A

Duodenum

48
Q

What produces CCK?

A

Duodenum

49
Q

What produces gastric lipase?

A

Chief cells

50
Q

What produces pancreatic amylase?

A

pancreas

51
Q

What produces pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells of the stomach

52
Q

What produces trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen?

A

pancreas

53
Q

What produces enteropeptidase? Function?

A

duodenum
Trypsinogen → Trypsin

54
Q

Over 99% of bacteria in the large intestine are ______ ________

A

obligate ANaerobes
also facultative ANaerobes

55
Q

where are goblet cells found?

A

Small intestine

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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