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Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphocytes

What type of cell are lymphocytes?
Found in what organs?
Where do they originate?

A

WBC/leukocyte
Found mainly in lymphatic organs
Originate in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Lymphocytes

Where do T-cells mature?
What about B- cells?

A

Thymus
Bone Marrow

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3
Q

Lymphocytes

What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes?

A

3 classes: T cells, B cells, NK cells

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4
Q

Innate Immune System

What is the innate immune system?
What type of response does it generate?

A

First line of defense
Generates a nonspecific immune response (generalized)

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5
Q

Innate Immune System

What are the 2 parts of innate immunity?

A

External immunity
Internal immunity

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6
Q

Innate Immune System

External immunity

A

Physical/physiological barriers preventing pathogen entry
Barriers include skin, mucous membranes, and chemical secretions.

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7
Q

Innate Immune System

Internal immunity
What is it composed of?

A

Internal defenses to neutralize pathogens that have entered
Composed of inflammatory response, complement proteins, phagocytic and NK cells.

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8
Q

Innate Immune System

What is the first layer of innate immunity?

A

The outer walls of our body like the skin, cilia, stomach acid and symbiotic bacteria

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9
Q

Innate Immune System

Within the skin, what is the important enzyme used to break down bacterial cell walls?

A

Lysozyme is used to break down bacterial cell walls

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10
Q

Sebum is a barrier that also has ________ properties.

A

antimicrobial

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11
Q

Inflammatory Responses

What is the leukocytes responsible for the first part of the immune response? What is this response called?

A

Mast cells
Rally signaling

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12
Q

Inflammatory Responses

If there is an injury, mast cells will release ______, which ______ blood vessels.

A

histamine, dilates
- this allows for more immune cells to be let into the tissues!

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13
Q

Inflammatory Responses

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

SLIPR
swelling, loss of function, increased heat, pain, redness

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14
Q

Inflammatory Responses

_____ blood flow results in a ______ temperature.

A

increased, higher

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15
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Diapedesis is the process by which…?

A

Cells move from the capillaries to the tissues in order to fight pathogens

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16
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

______ is the method by which cells move in response to a chemical signal.

A

Chemotaxis

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17
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Granulocytes are part of what immune system? What makes them special?

A

Innate immune system
WBC that has specific granules in their cytoplasm

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18
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

How many types of granulocytes are there? Name them

A

4
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells.

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19
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

List the 5 main types of leukocytes from highest to lowest in quantity

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

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20
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes in innate immunity
First cells to be recruited to a site of inflammation

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21
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

T/F: B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells are all part of innate immunity

A

FALSE, only NK cells are part of innate. B/T cells are part of adaptive immunity

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22
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

NK Cells
What do they attack?
What 2 things do they use?

A

Attack virally-infected cells + cancerous cells
Use perforin (create holes) & granzyme (stimulate apoptosis) to lyse cells

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23
Q

B and T cells are part of _____ immunity and must be ______.

A

adaptive, activated

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24
Q

____ and ____ cells are the most common type of leukocyte found in _____.

A

B and T, lymph

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25
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Explain the similarities/difference between Macrophages and Monocytes

A

Both are phagocytes in innate immunity.
Monocytes are the immature form found in blood vessels
Macrophages are the mature form after diapedesis

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26
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

What are the 2 phagocytes in innate immunity?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

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27
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

What cells can also act as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immunity

A

Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic cells

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28
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Eosinophils
What immunity is it part of?
What type of cell is it?

A
  • Part of innate immunity
  • Type of granulocyte
  • Have granules that can be released to kill pathogens/parasites
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29
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Basophils
What 2 molecules do they contain?
Circulate how?

A
  • Type of granulocyte
  • Contains granules with histamine (vasodilation) and heparin (anticoagulant )
  • Very similar to mast cells, but circulate as mature cells
30
Q

Immune Cells and Molecules

Basophils circulate as ______ cells
Mast cells circulate as ______ cells

A

mature cells, immature cells

31
Q

T/F: Dendritic cells are part of innate immunity

A

TRUE, can also be part of adaptive immunity if they act as APC though

32
Q

What do dendritic cells use to scan tissues?

A

Pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating)

33
Q

If dendritic cells act as antigen-presenting cells, where do they migrate to?

A

To the lymph nodes

34
Q

Toll-like receptors
What cells utilize them? Why?
What happens when they bind?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells
Recognize conserved parts of microbes
Binding to these receptors triggers phagocytosis & activates the innate immune system.

35
Q

What cell regulate macrophages and dendritic cells? Innate or adaptive?

A

Platelets, innate

36
Q

Interferons
Secreted by what?
Bind to what?

A

Secreted by virally-infected cells
Bind to non-infected cells to prepare them for a virus attack

37
Q

_____ help activate dendritic cells.

A

Interferons

38
Q

Complement System

What is the complement system? What cascade and activity helps?

A
  • Group of appprox. 30 proteins aiding immune cells in fighting pathogens
  • The complement cascade and protease activity
39
Q

Complement System

Name the 3 complement protein actions

A

Opsonization: tags antigens for phagocytosis
Amplifies inflammatory response
Forms a membrane attack complex: holes in pathogens & lyses them

40
Q

Adaptive Immunity

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

A specific immune response (targets specific antigens)

41
Q

Adaptive Immunity

The ______ is the important part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune cell

A

epitope

42
Q

Adaptive Immunity

What complex is used to recognize itself vs non-self? Where is it found?

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Found on the surface of cells

43
Q

Adaptive Immunity

What is the surface molecule present on ALL nucleated cells? Is everyone’s the same?

A

MHC Class I
Each genetically different individual will have a different MHC I molecule

44
Q

Adaptive Immunity

_______ diseases occur when the immune system attacks self MHC I.

A

Autoimmune

45
Q

Adaptive Immunity

What is the surface molecule present on APCells? What is it used for?

A

MHC Class II
Used to present foreign antigens to activate immune cells

46
Q

Adaptive Immunity: B cells

B cells control what kind of immunity? How?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)
By managing the production & release of antibodies

47
Q

Adaptive Immunity: B cells

Can B-cells act as an APCell?

A

Yes

48
Q

Adaptive Immunity: B cells

B cell receptors are located where?
What do they bind to? Are they unique?

A

B cell receptors (BCRs) are located on B cells
Bind to antigen epitopes either free-floating or on APCs. Each B cell has a unique BCR, so yes

49
Q

Adaptive Immunity: B cells

Clonal selection model
What do B cells divide into?

A

Clonal expansion divides the B cells
Plasma cells (antibody-secreting cells) or memory B cells (to be activated later in case of another attack).

50
Q

What are some antibodies functions?

A

ANTibodies
Activate the complement system
Neutralize the antigen by coating it
Tag antigens for phagocytosis

51
Q

Antibodies are structurally identical to what?
How are they different though?

A

BCRs
BUT freely circulate in blood & lymph

52
Q

Adaptive Immunity: B cells

Antibodies contain _____ chains and ____ chains that are linked together by _____ bonds.

A

light, heavy, disulfide

53
Q

Variable region vs Constant region in antibodies

A

variable: recognizes different antigens
constant: the same for antibodies within the same class

54
Q

Classes of Antibodies

lgM

A

present in a pentameric form and is the largest antibody. The first antibody to be produced; activates the complement system.

55
Q

Classes of Antibodies

lgA

A

present in a dimeric form and found most abundantly in bodily secretions. Newborns receive passive immunity through breast milk containing IgA. Also, IgA mainly binds pathogens externally, outside of circulation.

56
Q

Classes of Antibodies

lgE

A

monomer that is present on basophils and mast cells as antigen receptors. When bound to an allergen, it triggers histamine release and an allergic reaction. Think Ig sneEze.

57
Q

Classes of Antibodies

lgD

A

monomer that we have very little information about. Only small amounts are produced.

58
Q

Classes of Antibodies

lgG

A

monomer that is the most abundant antibody in circulation. Also the only antibody that can cross the placenta to give fetus passive immunity. Helps the complement system to cause opsonization (tags antigens and subsequent phagocytosis). Helps IgM activate the complement system.

59
Q

Memory B cells survive for a ___ time and lay ____ until _____ by the same antigen that triggered the original clonal expansion.

A

long, dormant, reactivated

60
Q

After reactivation, ___ ___ _____ cause massive ____ production.

A

memory B cells, antibody

61
Q

What type of immunity do T-cells control? How?

A

Cell-mediated immunity
Directly acting on cells instead of sending antibodies out.

62
Q

T/F: T cell receptors (TCRs) are not unique and do not undergo clonal selection

A

FALSE! they ARE unique and DO undergo clonal selection

63
Q

T/F: T-cells must bind to antigens presented on APCs to be activated

A

TRUE!

64
Q

How many types of antigens does 1 T cell bind to in order to be activated?

A

Binding only to ONE type of antigen per T cell

65
Q

Antigen Presentation to T-cells

MHC I Presentation

A

T cells differentiate into CD8/CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells), which directly kill infected cells through perforin (poke holes) and granzymes (cause apoptosis). However, T cells are different from natural killer cells because they are more specific and require antigen presentation.

66
Q

Antigen Presentation to T-cells

MHC II Presentation

A

T cells differentiate into CD4 T cells (helper T cells), which release interleukins to boost both innate immunity and adaptive immunity. These interleukins help attract innate immune cells and increase proliferation of other T and B cells.

67
Q

Interleukins

A

Signaling between immune cells; regulate immune cell activation

68
Q

Active immunity is what?

A

Immunity an organism gains from being infected once already by a pathogen

Ex. vaccination introduces the antigen in deactivated state to stimulate active immunity, which induces memory B & T cell formation.

69
Q

Passive immunity is what?

A

Immunity one organism gains from receiving the antibodies from another organism that already has that immunity.

Ex. fetus gains passive immunity through the placenta (IgG) while a newborn gains passive immunity through breast milk (IgA)

70
Q

The fetus and newborn are referred to as ________ because they do not yet have their own _____ immunity.

A

immuno-naive, active

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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